TY - JOUR
T1 - Ancient Danish Apple Cultivars—A Comprehensive Metabolite and Sensory Profiling of Apple Juices
AU - Iaccarino, Nunzia
AU - Varming, Camilla
AU - Petersen, Mikael Agerlin
AU - Viereck, Nanna
AU - Schütz, Birk
AU - Toldam-Andersen, Torben Bo
AU - Randazzo, Antonio
AU - Engelsen, Søren Balling
PY - 2019/7/1
Y1 - 2019/7/1
N2 - In recent decades, intensive selective breeding programs have allowed the development of disease-resistant and flavorsome apple cultivars while leading to a gradual decline of a large number of ancient varieties in many countries. However, the re-evaluation of such cultivars could lead to the production new apple-based products with health beneficial properties and/or unique flavor qualities. Herein, we report the comprehensive characterization of juices obtained from 86 old, mostly Danish, apple cultivars, by employing traditional analysis (ion chromatography,◦Brix, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and panel test evaluation) as well as an innovative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening method developed by Bruker for fruit juices, known as Spin Generated Fingerprint (SGF) Profiling™. Principal component analysis showed large differences in aroma components and sensory characteristics, including odd peculiar odors and flavors such as apricot and peach, and very different levels of phenolic compounds, acids and sugars among the analyzed juices. Moreover, we observed a tendency for late-season juices to be characterized by higher◦Brix values, sugar content and they were perceived to be sweeter and more flavor intense than early-season juices. Our findings are useful for the production of specialty vintage-cultivar apple juices or mixed juices to obtain final products that are characterized both by healthy properties and peculiar sensory attributes.
AB - In recent decades, intensive selective breeding programs have allowed the development of disease-resistant and flavorsome apple cultivars while leading to a gradual decline of a large number of ancient varieties in many countries. However, the re-evaluation of such cultivars could lead to the production new apple-based products with health beneficial properties and/or unique flavor qualities. Herein, we report the comprehensive characterization of juices obtained from 86 old, mostly Danish, apple cultivars, by employing traditional analysis (ion chromatography,◦Brix, headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and panel test evaluation) as well as an innovative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening method developed by Bruker for fruit juices, known as Spin Generated Fingerprint (SGF) Profiling™. Principal component analysis showed large differences in aroma components and sensory characteristics, including odd peculiar odors and flavors such as apricot and peach, and very different levels of phenolic compounds, acids and sugars among the analyzed juices. Moreover, we observed a tendency for late-season juices to be characterized by higher◦Brix values, sugar content and they were perceived to be sweeter and more flavor intense than early-season juices. Our findings are useful for the production of specialty vintage-cultivar apple juices or mixed juices to obtain final products that are characterized both by healthy properties and peculiar sensory attributes.
KW - Ancient apple cultivars
KW - Apple juice
KW - Bruker-SGF Fruit Juice Screener
KW - HS-GC/MS
KW - NMR
KW - Sensory analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85070648790&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/metabo9070139
DO - 10.3390/metabo9070139
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 31373318
AN - SCOPUS:85070648790
SN - 2218-1989
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 17
JO - Metabolites
JF - Metabolites
IS - 7
M1 - 139
ER -