Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

null EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare; Simon More; Miguel Angel Miranda; Dominique Bicout; Anette Bøtner; Andrew Butterworth; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Sandra Edwards; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Margaret Good; Virginie Michel; Mohan Raj; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Liisa Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Jan Arend Stegeman; Hans‐Hermann Thulke; Antonio Velarde; Preben Willeberg; Christoph Winckler; Vojtech Baláž; An Martel; Kris Murray; Chiara Fabris; Irene Munoz‐Gajardo; Andrey Gogin; Frank Verdonck; Christian Gortázar Schmidt

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, Simon More, Miguel Angel Miranda, Dominique Bicout, Anette Bøtner, Andrew Butterworth, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Sandra Edwards, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Margaret Good, Virginie Michel, Mohan Raj, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Liisa Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Jan Arend Stegeman, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Antonio Velarde, Preben WillebergChristoph Winckler, Vojtech Baláž, An Martel, Kris Murray, Chiara Fabris, Irene Munoz‐Gajardo, Andrey Gogin, Frank Verdonck, Christian Gortázar Schmidt

11 Citations (Scopus)

104 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

Original language	English
Article number	e05259
Journal	EFSA Journal
Volume	16
Issue number	4
Pages (from-to)	1-78
Number of pages	78
ISSN	1831-4732
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259
Publication status	Published - 30 Apr 2018

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259Licence: CC BY-ND

Bsal risk of survival establishment spread 2018Final published version, 5.6 MBLicence: CC BY-ND

Cite this

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, More, S., Miranda, M. A., Bicout, D., Bøtner, A., Butterworth, A., Calistri, P., Depner, K., Edwards, S., Garin‐Bastuji, B., Good, M., Michel, V., Raj, M., Nielsen, S. S., Sihvonen, L., Spoolder, H., Stegeman, J. A., Thulke, HH., Velarde, A., ... Schmidt, C. G. (2018). Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU. EFSA Journal, 16(4), 1-78. [e05259]. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, More, S, Miranda, MA, Bicout, D, Bøtner, A, Butterworth, A, Calistri, P, Depner, K, Edwards, S, Garin‐Bastuji, B, Good, M, Michel, V, Raj, M, Nielsen, SS, Sihvonen, L, Spoolder, H, Stegeman, JA, Thulke, HH, Velarde, A, Willeberg, P, Winckler, C, Baláž, V, Martel, A, Murray, K, Fabris, C, Munoz‐Gajardo, I, Gogin, A, Verdonck, F & Schmidt, CG 2018, 'Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU', EFSA Journal, vol. 16, no. 4, e05259, pp. 1-78. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

@article{99e0f6841e8a4f7dabb42da2ecfe4322,

title = "Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU",

abstract = "Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals{\textquoteright} awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.",

keywords = "Bsal, salamanders, carriers, movements, wild and captivity, risk‐mitigation measures",

author = "{EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare} and Simon More and Miranda, {Miguel Angel} and Dominique Bicout and Anette B{\o}tner and Andrew Butterworth and Paolo Calistri and Klaus Depner and Sandra Edwards and Bruno Garin‐Bastuji and Margaret Good and Virginie Michel and Mohan Raj and Nielsen, {S{\o}ren Saxmose} and Liisa Sihvonen and Hans Spoolder and Stegeman, {Jan Arend} and Hans‐Hermann Thulke and Antonio Velarde and Preben Willeberg and Christoph Winckler and Vojtech Bal{\'a}{\v z} and An Martel and Kris Murray and Chiara Fabris and Irene Munoz‐Gajardo and Andrey Gogin and Frank Verdonck and Schmidt, {Christian Gort{\'a}zar}",

year = "2018",

month = apr,

day = "30",

doi = "10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259",

language = "English",

volume = "16",

pages = "1--78",

journal = "E F S A Journal",

issn = "1831-4732",

publisher = "European Food Safety Authority (E F S A)",

number = "4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

AU - EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, null

AU - More, Simon

AU - Miranda, Miguel Angel

AU - Bicout, Dominique

AU - Bøtner, Anette

AU - Butterworth, Andrew

AU - Calistri, Paolo

AU - Depner, Klaus

AU - Edwards, Sandra

AU - Garin‐Bastuji, Bruno

AU - Good, Margaret

AU - Michel, Virginie

AU - Raj, Mohan

AU - Nielsen, Søren Saxmose

AU - Sihvonen, Liisa

AU - Spoolder, Hans

AU - Stegeman, Jan Arend

AU - Thulke, Hans‐Hermann

AU - Velarde, Antonio

AU - Willeberg, Preben

AU - Winckler, Christoph

AU - Baláž, Vojtech

AU - Martel, An

AU - Murray, Kris

AU - Fabris, Chiara

AU - Munoz‐Gajardo, Irene

AU - Gogin, Andrey

AU - Verdonck, Frank

AU - Schmidt, Christian Gortázar

PY - 2018/4/30

Y1 - 2018/4/30

N2 - Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

AB - Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

KW - Bsal, salamanders, carriers, movements, wild and captivity, risk‐mitigation measures

U2 - 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

DO - 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

M3 - Journal article

SN - 1831-4732

VL - 16

SP - 1

EP - 78

JO - E F S A Journal

JF - E F S A Journal

IS - 4

M1 - e05259

ER -

Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

Abstract

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Cite this