Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

null EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare; Simon More; Miguel Angel Miranda; Dominique Bicout; Anette Bøtner; Andrew Butterworth; Paolo Calistri; Klaus Depner; Sandra Edwards; Bruno Garin‐Bastuji; Margaret Good; Virginie Michel; Mohan Raj; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Liisa Sihvonen; Hans Spoolder; Jan Arend Stegeman; Hans‐Hermann Thulke; Antonio Velarde; Preben Willeberg; Christoph Winckler; Vojtech Baláž; An Martel; Kris Murray; Chiara Fabris; Irene Munoz‐Gajardo; Andrey Gogin; Frank Verdonck; Christian Gortázar Schmidt

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, Simon More, Miguel Angel Miranda, Dominique Bicout, Anette Bøtner, Andrew Butterworth, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Sandra Edwards, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, Margaret Good, Virginie Michel, Mohan Raj, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Liisa Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Jan Arend Stegeman, Hans‐Hermann Thulke, Antonio Velarde, Preben WillebergChristoph Winckler, Vojtech Baláž, An Martel, Kris Murray, Chiara Fabris, Irene Munoz‐Gajardo, Andrey Gogin, Frank Verdonck, Christian Gortázar Schmidt

11 Citationer (Scopus)

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Abstract

Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Artikelnummer	e05259
Tidsskrift	EFSA Journal
Vol/bind	16
Udgave nummer	4
Sider (fra-til)	1-78
Antal sider	78
ISSN	1831-4732
DOI	https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259
Status	Udgivet - 30 apr. 2018

Emneord

Bsal, salamanders, carriers, movements, wild and captivity, risk‐mitigation measures

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10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259Licens: CC BY-ND

Bsal risk of survival establishment spread 2018Forlagets udgivne version, 5,6 MBLicens: CC BY-ND

Citationsformater

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, More, S., Miranda, M. A., Bicout, D., Bøtner, A., Butterworth, A., Calistri, P., Depner, K., Edwards, S., Garin‐Bastuji, B., Good, M., Michel, V., Raj, M., Nielsen, S. S., Sihvonen, L., Spoolder, H., Stegeman, J. A., Thulke, HH., Velarde, A., ... Schmidt, C. G. (2018). Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU. EFSA Journal, 16(4), 1-78. Artikel e05259. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, More, S, Miranda, MA, Bicout, D, Bøtner, A, Butterworth, A, Calistri, P, Depner, K, Edwards, S, Garin‐Bastuji, B, Good, M, Michel, V, Raj, M, Nielsen, SS, Sihvonen, L, Spoolder, H, Stegeman, JA, Thulke, HH, Velarde, A, Willeberg, P, Winckler, C, Baláž, V, Martel, A, Murray, K, Fabris, C, Munoz‐Gajardo, I, Gogin, A, Verdonck, F & Schmidt, CG 2018, 'Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU', EFSA Journal, bind 16, nr. 4, e05259, s. 1-78. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

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abstract = "Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals{\textquoteright} awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.",

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language = "English",

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T1 - Risk of survival, establishment and spread of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) in the EU

AU - EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare, null

AU - More, Simon

AU - Miranda, Miguel Angel

AU - Bicout, Dominique

AU - Bøtner, Anette

AU - Butterworth, Andrew

AU - Calistri, Paolo

AU - Depner, Klaus

AU - Edwards, Sandra

AU - Garin‐Bastuji, Bruno

AU - Good, Margaret

AU - Michel, Virginie

AU - Raj, Mohan

AU - Nielsen, Søren Saxmose

AU - Sihvonen, Liisa

AU - Spoolder, Hans

AU - Stegeman, Jan Arend

AU - Thulke, Hans‐Hermann

AU - Velarde, Antonio

AU - Willeberg, Preben

AU - Winckler, Christoph

AU - Baláž, Vojtech

AU - Martel, An

AU - Murray, Kris

AU - Fabris, Chiara

AU - Munoz‐Gajardo, Irene

AU - Gogin, Andrey

AU - Verdonck, Frank

AU - Schmidt, Christian Gortázar

PY - 2018/4/30

Y1 - 2018/4/30

N2 - Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

AB - Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is an emerging fungal pathogen of salamanders. Despite limited surveillance, Bsal was detected in kept salamanders populations in Belgium, Germany, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and in wild populations in some regions of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. According to niche modelling, at least part of the distribution range of every salamander species in Europe overlaps with the climate conditions predicted to be suitable for Bsal. Passive surveillance is considered the most suitable approach for detection of Bsal emergence in wild populations. Demonstration of Bsal absence is considered feasible only in closed populations of kept susceptible species. In the wild, Bsal can spread by both active (e.g. salamanders, anurans) and passive (e.g. birds, water) carriers; it is most likely maintained/spread in infected areas by contacts of salamanders or by interactions with anurans, whereas human activities most likely cause Bsal entry into new areas and populations. In kept amphibians, Bsal contamination via live silent carriers (wild birds and anurans) is considered extremely unlikely. The risk-mitigation measures that were considered the most feasible and effective: (i) for ensuring safer international or intra-EU trade of live salamanders, are: ban or restrictions on salamander imports, hygiene procedures and good practice manuals; (ii) for protecting kept salamanders from Bsal, are: identification and treatment of positive collections; (iii) for on-site protection of wild salamanders, are: preventing translocation of wild amphibians and release/return to the wild of kept/temporarily housed wild salamanders, and setting up contact points/emergency teams for passive surveillance. Combining several risk-mitigation measures improve the overall effectiveness. It is recommended to: introduce a harmonised protocol for Bsal detection throughout the EU; improve data acquisition on salamander abundance and distribution; enhance passive surveillance activities; increase public and professionals’ awareness; condition any movement of captive salamanders on Bsal known health status.

KW - Bsal, salamanders, carriers, movements, wild and captivity, risk‐mitigation measures

U2 - 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

DO - 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5259

M3 - Journal article

SN - 1831-4732

VL - 16

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JO - EFSA Journal

JF - EFSA Journal

IS - 4

M1 - e05259

ER -