Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children

Lisbeth Sandfeld; Hanne Weihrauch; Gitte Tubaek; Panteleimon Mortzos

doi:10.1111/aos.13650

Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children

Lisbeth Sandfeld, Hanne Weihrauch, Gitte Tubaek, Panteleimon Mortzos

Department of Clinical Medicine

17 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.

METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.

RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.

CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.

Original language	English
Journal	Acta Ophthalmologica
Volume	96
Issue number	4
Pages (from-to)	379-383
ISSN	1755-375X
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.13650
Publication status	Published - Jun 2018

Keywords

Adolescent
Amblyopia/diagnosis
Child
Child, Preschool
Cross-Sectional Studies
Denmark/epidemiology
Female
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Male
Ocular Motility Disorders/diagnosis
Prevalence
Refraction, Ocular/physiology
Refractive Errors/diagnosis
Risk Factors
Vision Screening/methods
Visual Acuity

Access to Document

10.1111/aos.13650

aos.13650Final published version, 219 KB

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/aos.13650

Cite this

@article{e652a1db399545d3bf1145f4672b1eec,

title = "Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children",

abstract = "PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.",

keywords = "Adolescent, Amblyopia/diagnosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Denmark/epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Ocular Motility Disorders/diagnosis, Prevalence, Refraction, Ocular/physiology, Refractive Errors/diagnosis, Risk Factors, Vision Screening/methods, Visual Acuity",

author = "Lisbeth Sandfeld and Hanne Weihrauch and Gitte Tubaek and Panteleimon Mortzos",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2018 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",

year = "2018",

month = jun,

doi = "10.1111/aos.13650",

language = "English",

volume = "96",

pages = "379--383",

journal = "Acta Ophthalmologica",

issn = "1755-375X",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",

number = "4",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children

AU - Sandfeld, Lisbeth

AU - Weihrauch, Hanne

AU - Tubaek, Gitte

AU - Mortzos, Panteleimon

PY - 2018/6

Y1 - 2018/6

N2 - PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.

AB - PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.

KW - Adolescent

KW - Amblyopia/diagnosis

KW - Child

KW - Child, Preschool

KW - Cross-Sectional Studies

KW - Denmark/epidemiology

KW - Female

KW - Follow-Up Studies

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Ocular Motility Disorders/diagnosis

KW - Prevalence

KW - Refraction, Ocular/physiology

KW - Refractive Errors/diagnosis

KW - Risk Factors

KW - Vision Screening/methods

KW - Visual Acuity

U2 - 10.1111/aos.13650

DO - 10.1111/aos.13650

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 29369530

SN - 1755-375X

VL - 96

SP - 379

EP - 383

JO - Acta Ophthalmologica

JF - Acta Ophthalmologica

IS - 4

ER -

Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children

Abstract

Keywords

Access to Document

Fingerprint

Cite this