TY - JOUR
T1 - Ophthalmological data on 4.5- to 7-year-old Danish children
AU - Sandfeld, Lisbeth
AU - Weihrauch, Hanne
AU - Tubaek, Gitte
AU - Mortzos, Panteleimon
N1 - © 2018 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2018/6
Y1 - 2018/6
N2 - PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.
AB - PURPOSE: To report normative data on visual acuity (VA) for near and distance, refraction, ocular alignment, ocular motility and stereo acuity in a cohort of children aged 4.5-7 years.METHODS: A total of 950 children with normal development from the municipality of Roskilde, Denmark, were invited to participate in an ophthalmic cross-sectional population-based survey, of which 445 children in the age of 54-87 months participated with a complete ocular examination including cycloplegia. Visual acuity (VA) was tested using Kay Picture charts and notified in logMAR units.RESULTS: Mean distance VA was 0.010 logMAR [standard deviation (SD): 0.048] in right eye, and near VA in right eye was 0.012 logMAR (SD: 0.054), with a nonsignificant difference between right and left eye in both parameters (paired t-test, p = 0.15 and p = 0.08, respectively). Amblyopia was found in 12 children (2.7%), mainly related to refractive errors. The mean refractive error of right eye was +1.75 D, and significant hyperopia (greater than +3.0 D) was found in 7.9%. No myopia (greater than or equal to -0.5 D) was found, astigmatism (>1 D) was seen in 4.3%. Manifest strabismus was present in 1.6%, and heterophoria in 4.0%. Reduced or absent stereo acuity was present in 35 children (7.9%) and was related to a reduced VA, refractive error and strabismus.CONCLUSION: Ophthalmic data of 445 normally developed children are presented, supplementing previous reported normative data in children. We found a relatively high prevalence of amblyopia and of hyperopia, while myopia was not found, confirming previous studies that myopia is not developing at early age in Danish children.
KW - Adolescent
KW - Amblyopia/diagnosis
KW - Child
KW - Child, Preschool
KW - Cross-Sectional Studies
KW - Denmark/epidemiology
KW - Female
KW - Follow-Up Studies
KW - Humans
KW - Male
KW - Ocular Motility Disorders/diagnosis
KW - Prevalence
KW - Refraction, Ocular/physiology
KW - Refractive Errors/diagnosis
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Vision Screening/methods
KW - Visual Acuity
U2 - 10.1111/aos.13650
DO - 10.1111/aos.13650
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 29369530
SN - 1755-375X
VL - 96
SP - 379
EP - 383
JO - Acta Ophthalmologica
JF - Acta Ophthalmologica
IS - 4
ER -