Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research

Anne Brokjær; Anne Estrup Olesen; Mads Kreilgaard; Carina Graversen; Mikkel Gram; Lona Louring Christrup; Albert Dahan; Asbjørn Mohr Drewes

doi:10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005

Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research

Anne Brokjær, Anne Estrup Olesen, Mads Kreilgaard, Carina Graversen, Mikkel Gram, Lona Louring Christrup, Albert Dahan, Asbjørn Mohr Drewes

5 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Introduction: In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. Methods: Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30. mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. Results: Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P< 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30. min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45. min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r =- 0.40, P< 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P= 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P= 0.03), but was not significant until 120. min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P= 0.43). Discussion: Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.

Original language	English
Journal	Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods
Volume	73
Pages (from-to)	7-14
Number of pages	8
ISSN	1056-8719
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005
Publication status	Published - 1 May 2015

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10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056871915000179

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@article{612ac091e1d44f529f6d09c01ed581cb,

title = "Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research",

abstract = "Introduction: In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. Methods: Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30. mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. Results: Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P< 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30. min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45. min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r =- 0.40, P< 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P= 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P= 0.03), but was not significant until 120. min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P= 0.43). Discussion: Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.",

author = "Anne Brokj{\ae}r and Olesen, {Anne Estrup} and Mads Kreilgaard and Carina Graversen and Mikkel Gram and Christrup, {Lona Louring} and Albert Dahan and Drewes, {Asbj{\o}rn Mohr}",

note = "Copyright {\textcopyright} 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.",

year = "2015",

month = may,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005",

language = "English",

volume = "73",

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journal = "Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research

AU - Brokjær, Anne

AU - Olesen, Anne Estrup

AU - Kreilgaard, Mads

AU - Graversen, Carina

AU - Gram, Mikkel

AU - Christrup, Lona Louring

AU - Dahan, Albert

AU - Drewes, Asbjørn Mohr

PY - 2015/5/1

Y1 - 2015/5/1

N2 - Introduction: In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. Methods: Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30. mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. Results: Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P< 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30. min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45. min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r =- 0.40, P< 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P= 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P= 0.03), but was not significant until 120. min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P= 0.43). Discussion: Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.

AB - Introduction: In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. Methods: Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30. mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. Results: Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P< 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30. min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45. min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r =- 0.40, P< 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P= 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P= 0.03), but was not significant until 120. min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P= 0.43). Discussion: Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.

U2 - 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005

DO - 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25659520

SN - 1056-8719

VL - 73

SP - 7

EP - 14

JO - Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

JF - Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods

ER -

Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research

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