From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon

M Kjaer; H Langberg; K Heinemeier; M L Bayer; M Hansen; L Holm; S Doessing; M Kongsgaard; M R Krogsgaard; S P Magnusson

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00986.x

From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon

M Kjaer, H Langberg, K Heinemeier, M L Bayer, M Hansen, L Holm, S Doessing, M Kongsgaard, M R Krogsgaard, S P Magnusson

Damage and Repair

181 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The adaptive response of connective tissue to loading requires increased synthesis and turnover of matrix proteins, with special emphasis on collagen. Collagen formation and degradation in the tendon increases with both acute and chronic loading, and data suggest that a gender difference exists, in that females respond less than males with regard to an increase in collagen formation after exercise. It is suggested that estrogen may contribute toward a diminished collagen synthesis response in females. Conversely, the stimulation of collagen synthesis by other growth factors can be shown in both animal and human models where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) expression increases to accompany or precede an increase in procollagen expression and collagen synthesis. In humans, it can be demonstrated that an increase in the interstitial concentration of TGF-beta, PGE2, IGF-I plus its binding proteins and interleukin-6 takes place after exercise. The increase in IGF-I expression in tendon includes the isoform that has so far been thought only to exist in skeletal muscle (mechano growth factor). The increase in IGF-I and procollagen expression showed a similar response whether the tendon was stimulated by concentric, isometric or eccentric muscle contraction, suggesting that strain rather that stress/torque determines the collagen-synthesis stimulating response seen with exercise. The adaptation time to chronic loading is longer in tendon tissue compared with contractile elements of skeletal muscle or the heart, and only with very prolonged loading are significant changes in gross dimensions of the tendon observed, suggesting that habitual loading is associated with a robust change in the size and mechanical properties of human tendons. An intimate interplay between mechanical signalling and biochemical changes in the matrix is needed in tendon, such that chemical changes can be converted into adaptations in the morphology, structure and material properties.

Original language	English
Journal	Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports Online
Volume	19
Issue number	4
Pages (from-to)	500-10
Number of pages	11
ISSN	1600-0838
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00986.x
Publication status	Published - 2009

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Kjaer, M., Langberg, H., Heinemeier, K., Bayer, M. L., Hansen, M., Holm, L., Doessing, S., Kongsgaard, M., Krogsgaard, M. R., & Magnusson, S. P. (2009). From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports Online, 19(4), 500-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00986.x

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title = "From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon",

abstract = "The adaptive response of connective tissue to loading requires increased synthesis and turnover of matrix proteins, with special emphasis on collagen. Collagen formation and degradation in the tendon increases with both acute and chronic loading, and data suggest that a gender difference exists, in that females respond less than males with regard to an increase in collagen formation after exercise. It is suggested that estrogen may contribute toward a diminished collagen synthesis response in females. Conversely, the stimulation of collagen synthesis by other growth factors can be shown in both animal and human models where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) expression increases to accompany or precede an increase in procollagen expression and collagen synthesis. In humans, it can be demonstrated that an increase in the interstitial concentration of TGF-beta, PGE2, IGF-I plus its binding proteins and interleukin-6 takes place after exercise. The increase in IGF-I expression in tendon includes the isoform that has so far been thought only to exist in skeletal muscle (mechano growth factor). The increase in IGF-I and procollagen expression showed a similar response whether the tendon was stimulated by concentric, isometric or eccentric muscle contraction, suggesting that strain rather that stress/torque determines the collagen-synthesis stimulating response seen with exercise. The adaptation time to chronic loading is longer in tendon tissue compared with contractile elements of skeletal muscle or the heart, and only with very prolonged loading are significant changes in gross dimensions of the tendon observed, suggesting that habitual loading is associated with a robust change in the size and mechanical properties of human tendons. An intimate interplay between mechanical signalling and biochemical changes in the matrix is needed in tendon, such that chemical changes can be converted into adaptations in the morphology, structure and material properties.",

author = "M Kjaer and H Langberg and K Heinemeier and Bayer, {M L} and M Hansen and L Holm and S Doessing and M Kongsgaard and Krogsgaard, {M R} and Magnusson, {S P}",

note = "Keywords: Actins; Animals; Biomechanics; Collagen; Dinoprostone; Exercise; Female; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Interleukin-6; Male; Sex Factors; Somatomedins; Tendon Injuries; Tendons; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Weight-Bearing",

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AU - Kjaer, M

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AU - Holm, L

AU - Doessing, S

AU - Kongsgaard, M

AU - Krogsgaard, M R

AU - Magnusson, S P

N1 - Keywords: Actins; Animals; Biomechanics; Collagen; Dinoprostone; Exercise; Female; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Interleukin-6; Male; Sex Factors; Somatomedins; Tendon Injuries; Tendons; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Weight-Bearing

PY - 2009

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N2 - The adaptive response of connective tissue to loading requires increased synthesis and turnover of matrix proteins, with special emphasis on collagen. Collagen formation and degradation in the tendon increases with both acute and chronic loading, and data suggest that a gender difference exists, in that females respond less than males with regard to an increase in collagen formation after exercise. It is suggested that estrogen may contribute toward a diminished collagen synthesis response in females. Conversely, the stimulation of collagen synthesis by other growth factors can be shown in both animal and human models where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) expression increases to accompany or precede an increase in procollagen expression and collagen synthesis. In humans, it can be demonstrated that an increase in the interstitial concentration of TGF-beta, PGE2, IGF-I plus its binding proteins and interleukin-6 takes place after exercise. The increase in IGF-I expression in tendon includes the isoform that has so far been thought only to exist in skeletal muscle (mechano growth factor). The increase in IGF-I and procollagen expression showed a similar response whether the tendon was stimulated by concentric, isometric or eccentric muscle contraction, suggesting that strain rather that stress/torque determines the collagen-synthesis stimulating response seen with exercise. The adaptation time to chronic loading is longer in tendon tissue compared with contractile elements of skeletal muscle or the heart, and only with very prolonged loading are significant changes in gross dimensions of the tendon observed, suggesting that habitual loading is associated with a robust change in the size and mechanical properties of human tendons. An intimate interplay between mechanical signalling and biochemical changes in the matrix is needed in tendon, such that chemical changes can be converted into adaptations in the morphology, structure and material properties.

AB - The adaptive response of connective tissue to loading requires increased synthesis and turnover of matrix proteins, with special emphasis on collagen. Collagen formation and degradation in the tendon increases with both acute and chronic loading, and data suggest that a gender difference exists, in that females respond less than males with regard to an increase in collagen formation after exercise. It is suggested that estrogen may contribute toward a diminished collagen synthesis response in females. Conversely, the stimulation of collagen synthesis by other growth factors can be shown in both animal and human models where insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) expression increases to accompany or precede an increase in procollagen expression and collagen synthesis. In humans, it can be demonstrated that an increase in the interstitial concentration of TGF-beta, PGE2, IGF-I plus its binding proteins and interleukin-6 takes place after exercise. The increase in IGF-I expression in tendon includes the isoform that has so far been thought only to exist in skeletal muscle (mechano growth factor). The increase in IGF-I and procollagen expression showed a similar response whether the tendon was stimulated by concentric, isometric or eccentric muscle contraction, suggesting that strain rather that stress/torque determines the collagen-synthesis stimulating response seen with exercise. The adaptation time to chronic loading is longer in tendon tissue compared with contractile elements of skeletal muscle or the heart, and only with very prolonged loading are significant changes in gross dimensions of the tendon observed, suggesting that habitual loading is associated with a robust change in the size and mechanical properties of human tendons. An intimate interplay between mechanical signalling and biochemical changes in the matrix is needed in tendon, such that chemical changes can be converted into adaptations in the morphology, structure and material properties.

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DO - 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00986.x

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 19706001

SN - 0905-7188

VL - 19

SP - 500

EP - 510

JO - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

JF - Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports

IS - 4

ER -

From mechanical loading to collagen synthesis, structural changes and function in human tendon

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