TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of the combined approach of N-alkylation and salt formation to enhance aqueous solubility of tertiary amines using bupivacaine as a model drug
AU - Nielsen, Anders Bach
AU - Frydenvang, Karla Andrea
AU - Liljefors, Tommy
AU - Buur, Anders
AU - Larsen, Claus
PY - 2005
Y1 - 2005
N2 - Quaternary prodrug types of poorly water-soluble tertiary amines have been shown to exhibit significantly enhanced solubilities as compared to the parent amine. In the present study the combined effect of N-alkylation and salt formation to enhance aqueous solubility of tertiary amines have been investigated using bupivacaine as a model compound. X-ray structure analyses of selected salts were included to investigate the potential existence of correlations between salt solubility and crystal packing modes. Alkyl groups were methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl and the derivatives were isolated as their iodide salts. Chloride, mesylate, formate, acetate, glycolate, and tosylate salts were obtained by anion exchange of the N-methyl-bupivacaine derivative. N-Alkylation and salt formation afforded quaternary ammonium salts possessing pH-independent aqueous solubilities far exceeding that of the parent tertiary amine (up to a factor of 3200 at pH 8). A moderate reduction in solubility with increasing length of the alkyl chain was observed for the iodide salts of the N-alkylated bupivacaine derivatives. In case of the N-methyl-bupivacaine derivative variation of the counterion had a significant impact on the solubility with the iodide salt being 200 times less soluble than the chloride salt. X-ray analysis revealed that both the alkyl substituent and the anionic counterion influenced salt packing modes, however, in an unpredictable manner making establishment of quantitative correlations between crystal packing and solubility difficult even for a series of closely related derivatives.
AB - Quaternary prodrug types of poorly water-soluble tertiary amines have been shown to exhibit significantly enhanced solubilities as compared to the parent amine. In the present study the combined effect of N-alkylation and salt formation to enhance aqueous solubility of tertiary amines have been investigated using bupivacaine as a model compound. X-ray structure analyses of selected salts were included to investigate the potential existence of correlations between salt solubility and crystal packing modes. Alkyl groups were methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl and the derivatives were isolated as their iodide salts. Chloride, mesylate, formate, acetate, glycolate, and tosylate salts were obtained by anion exchange of the N-methyl-bupivacaine derivative. N-Alkylation and salt formation afforded quaternary ammonium salts possessing pH-independent aqueous solubilities far exceeding that of the parent tertiary amine (up to a factor of 3200 at pH 8). A moderate reduction in solubility with increasing length of the alkyl chain was observed for the iodide salts of the N-alkylated bupivacaine derivatives. In case of the N-methyl-bupivacaine derivative variation of the counterion had a significant impact on the solubility with the iodide salt being 200 times less soluble than the chloride salt. X-ray analysis revealed that both the alkyl substituent and the anionic counterion influenced salt packing modes, however, in an unpredictable manner making establishment of quantitative correlations between crystal packing and solubility difficult even for a series of closely related derivatives.
KW - Alkylation
KW - Bupivacaine
KW - Molecular Structure
KW - Salts
KW - Solubility
KW - Water
U2 - 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.09.012
DO - 10.1016/j.ejps.2004.09.012
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 15626581
SN - 0928-0987
VL - 24
SP - 85
EP - 93
JO - Norvegica Pharmaceutica Acta
JF - Norvegica Pharmaceutica Acta
IS - 1
ER -