Abstract
Scope: Non-targeted urine metabolite profiling has not been previously exploited in the field of whole grain (WG) products. WG products, particularly rye, are important elements in a healthy Nordic diet. The aim of this study was to identify novel urinary biomarkers of WG rye bread (RB) intake in a randomised crossover study with RB versus refined wheat bread (WB). Methods and results: UPLC-QTOF/MS metabolite profiling was applied to urine from a 2 × 4 wk crossover intervention with RB versus WB in 20 subjects. Sixteen metabolites were revealed as major contributing biomarkers. The most discriminative metabolite after the cereal intervention was identified as 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid sulphate, which was excreted to a higher extent after the RB versus WB intervention. Other alkylresorcinol metabolites were identified, as well as enterolactone glucuronide, azelaic acid, 2-aminophenol sulphate and its benzoxazinoid precursor 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one. Our study also suggests that nitrogen-containing metabolites are other major markers. However, other methodologies will be needed to elucidate their final structure. Conclusion: The present non-targeted metabolite profiling proved to be a useful approach to identify major urine metabolites discriminating RB intake from that of white wheat bread. Once validated these markers could help evaluate compliance to healthy Nordic diets.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | Molecular Nutrition & Food Research |
| Volume | 57 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| Pages (from-to) | 412-422 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| ISSN | 1613-4125 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Mar 2013 |
Keywords
- 4-Butyrolactone
- Adult
- Aminophenols
- Benzoxazines
- Biological Markers
- Bread
- Cross-Over Studies
- Diet
- Female
- Humans
- Lignans
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Metabolome
- Middle Aged
- Phenylpropionates
- Secale cereale
- Triticum