Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment

Cai Li; Yong Zhang; Jianwen Li; Lesheng Kong; Haofu Hu; Hailin Pan; Luohao Xu; Yuan Deng; Qiye Li; Lijun Jin; Hao Yu; Yan Chen; Binghang Liu; Linfeng Yang; Shiping Liu; Yan Zhang; Yongshan Lang; Jinquan Xia; Weiming He; Qiong Shi; Sankar Subramanian; Craig D Millar; Stephen Meader; Chris M Rands; Matthew K Fujita; Matthew J Greenwold; Todd A Castoe; David D Pollock; Wanjun Gu; Kiwoong Nam; Hans Ellegren; Simon YW Ho; David W Burt; Chris P Ponting; Erich D Jarvis; M Thomas P Gilbert; Huanming Yang; Jian Wang; David M Lambert; Jun Wang; Guojie Zhang

doi:10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment

Cai Li, Yong Zhang, Jianwen Li, Lesheng Kong, Haofu Hu, Hailin Pan, Luohao Xu, Yuan Deng, Qiye Li, Lijun Jin, Hao Yu, Yan Chen, Binghang Liu, Linfeng Yang, Shiping Liu, Yan Zhang, Yongshan Lang, Jinquan Xia, Weiming He, Qiong ShiSankar Subramanian, Craig D Millar, Stephen Meader, Chris M Rands, Matthew K Fujita, Matthew J Greenwold, Todd A Castoe, David D Pollock, Wanjun Gu, Kiwoong Nam, Hans Ellegren, Simon YW Ho, David W Burt, Chris P Ponting, Erich D Jarvis, M Thomas P Gilbert, Huanming Yang, Jian Wang, David M Lambert, Jun Wang, Guojie Zhang

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Abstract

Background: Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri].Results: Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology.Conclusions: Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.

Original language	English
Journal	GigaScience
Volume	3
Issue number	27
Number of pages	15
ISSN	2047-217X
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-217X-3-27
Publication status	Published - 12 Dec 2014

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Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environmentFinal published version, 902 KBLicence: CC BY

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Li, C., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Kong, L., Hu, H., Pan, H., Xu, L., Deng, Y., Li, Q., Jin, L., Yu, H., Chen, Y., Liu, B., Yang, L., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Lang, Y., Xia, J., He, W., ... Zhang, G. (2014). Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment. GigaScience, 3(27). https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

Li, C, Zhang, Y, Li, J, Kong, L, Hu, H, Pan, H, Xu, L, Deng, Y, Li, Q, Jin, L, Yu, H, Chen, Y, Liu, B, Yang, L, Liu, S, Zhang, Y, Lang, Y, Xia, J, He, W, Shi, Q, Subramanian, S, Millar, CD, Meader, S, Rands, CM, Fujita, MK, Greenwold, MJ, Castoe, TA, Pollock, DD, Gu, W, Nam, K, Ellegren, H, Ho, SYW, Burt, DW, Ponting, CP, Jarvis, ED, Gilbert, MTP, Yang, H, Wang, J, Lambert, DM, Wang, J & Zhang, G 2014, 'Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment', GigaScience, vol. 3, no. 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

@article{504b165ddcdc40479cb6ae983422ed9a,

title = "Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment",

abstract = "Background: Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Ad{\'e}lie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri].Results: Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology.Conclusions: Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.",

author = "Cai Li and Yong Zhang and Jianwen Li and Lesheng Kong and Haofu Hu and Hailin Pan and Luohao Xu and Yuan Deng and Qiye Li and Lijun Jin and Hao Yu and Yan Chen and Binghang Liu and Linfeng Yang and Shiping Liu and Yan Zhang and Yongshan Lang and Jinquan Xia and Weiming He and Qiong Shi and Sankar Subramanian and Millar, {Craig D} and Stephen Meader and Rands, {Chris M} and Fujita, {Matthew K} and Greenwold, {Matthew J} and Castoe, {Todd A} and Pollock, {David D} and Wanjun Gu and Kiwoong Nam and Hans Ellegren and Ho, {Simon YW} and Burt, {David W} and Ponting, {Chris P} and Jarvis, {Erich D} and Gilbert, {M Thomas P} and Huanming Yang and Jian Wang and Lambert, {David M} and Jun Wang and Guojie Zhang",

year = "2014",

month = dec,

day = "12",

doi = "10.1186/2047-217X-3-27",

language = "English",

volume = "3",

journal = "GigaScience",

issn = "2047-217X",

publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd.",

number = "27",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment

AU - Li, Cai

AU - Zhang, Yong

AU - Li, Jianwen

AU - Kong, Lesheng

AU - Hu, Haofu

AU - Pan, Hailin

AU - Xu, Luohao

AU - Deng, Yuan

AU - Li, Qiye

AU - Jin, Lijun

AU - Yu, Hao

AU - Chen, Yan

AU - Liu, Binghang

AU - Yang, Linfeng

AU - Liu, Shiping

AU - Zhang, Yan

AU - Lang, Yongshan

AU - Xia, Jinquan

AU - He, Weiming

AU - Shi, Qiong

AU - Subramanian, Sankar

AU - Millar, Craig D

AU - Meader, Stephen

AU - Rands, Chris M

AU - Fujita, Matthew K

AU - Greenwold, Matthew J

AU - Castoe, Todd A

AU - Pollock, David D

AU - Gu, Wanjun

AU - Nam, Kiwoong

AU - Ellegren, Hans

AU - Ho, Simon YW

AU - Burt, David W

AU - Ponting, Chris P

AU - Jarvis, Erich D

AU - Gilbert, M Thomas P

AU - Yang, Huanming

AU - Wang, Jian

AU - Lambert, David M

AU - Wang, Jun

AU - Zhang, Guojie

PY - 2014/12/12

Y1 - 2014/12/12

N2 - Background: Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri].Results: Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology.Conclusions: Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.

AB - Background: Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri].Results: Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology.Conclusions: Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.

U2 - 10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

DO - 10.1186/2047-217X-3-27

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 25671092

SN - 2047-217X

VL - 3

JO - GigaScience

JF - GigaScience

IS - 27

ER -

Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment

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