The treatment of neurological diseases under a new light: the importance of optogenetics

TY - JOUR

T1 - The treatment of neurological diseases under a new light

T2 - the importance of optogenetics

AU - Kokaia, M

AU - Sørensen, A T

N1 - Copyright 2011 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved.

PY - 2011/1

Y1 - 2011/1

N2 - Controlling activity of defined populations of neurons without affecting other neurons in the brain is now possible by a new gene- and neuroengineering technology termed optogenetics. Derived from microbial organisms, opsin genes encoding light-activated ion channels and pumps (channelrhodopsin-2 [ChR2]; halorhodopsin [NpHR], respectively), engineered for expression in the mammalian brain, can be genetically targeted into specific neural populations using viral vectors. When exposed to light with appropriate wavelength, action potentials can be triggered in ChR2-expressing neurons, whereas inhibition of action potentials can be obtained in NpHR-expressing neurons, thus allowing for powerful control of neural activity. Optogenetics is now intensively used in laboratory animals, both in vitro and in vivo, for exploring functions of complex neural circuits and information processing in the normal brain and during various neurological conditions. The clinical perspectives of adopting optogenetics as a novel treatment strategy for human neurological disorders have generated considerable interest, largely because of the enormous potential demonstrated in recent rodent and nonhuman primate studies. Restoration of dopamine-related movement dysfunction in parkinsonian animals, amelioration of blindness and recovery of breathing after spinal cord injury are a few examples of such perspectives.

AB - Controlling activity of defined populations of neurons without affecting other neurons in the brain is now possible by a new gene- and neuroengineering technology termed optogenetics. Derived from microbial organisms, opsin genes encoding light-activated ion channels and pumps (channelrhodopsin-2 [ChR2]; halorhodopsin [NpHR], respectively), engineered for expression in the mammalian brain, can be genetically targeted into specific neural populations using viral vectors. When exposed to light with appropriate wavelength, action potentials can be triggered in ChR2-expressing neurons, whereas inhibition of action potentials can be obtained in NpHR-expressing neurons, thus allowing for powerful control of neural activity. Optogenetics is now intensively used in laboratory animals, both in vitro and in vivo, for exploring functions of complex neural circuits and information processing in the normal brain and during various neurological conditions. The clinical perspectives of adopting optogenetics as a novel treatment strategy for human neurological disorders have generated considerable interest, largely because of the enormous potential demonstrated in recent rodent and nonhuman primate studies. Restoration of dopamine-related movement dysfunction in parkinsonian animals, amelioration of blindness and recovery of breathing after spinal cord injury are a few examples of such perspectives.

KW - Action Potentials

KW - Brain

KW - Genetic Engineering

KW - Humans

KW - Light

KW - Nervous System Diseases

KW - Neurons

KW - Photic Stimulation

KW - Journal Article

KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

KW - Review

U2 - 10.1358/dot.2011.47.1.1543306

DO - 10.1358/dot.2011.47.1.1543306

M3 - Review

C2 - 21373649

SN - 0025-7656

VL - 47

SP - 53

EP - 62

JO - Drugs of Today

JF - Drugs of Today

IS - 1

ER -