The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling

M. J F Rosenberg; P. P. Van Der Werf; S. Aalto; L. Armus; V. Charmandaris; T. Díaz-Santos; A. S. Evans; J. Fischer; Y. Gao; E. González-Alfonso; T. R. Greve; A. I. Harris; C. Henkel; F. P. Israel; K. G. Isaak; C. Kramer; R. Meijerink; D. A. Naylor; D. B. Sanders; H. A. Smith; M. Spaans; L. Spinoglio; G. J. Stacey; I. Veenendaal; S. Veilleux; F. Walter; A. Weiß; M. C. Wiedner; Matthijs Hendrik Daniël Van der Wiel; E. M. Xilouris

doi:10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72

The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling

M. J F Rosenberg, P. P. Van Der Werf, S. Aalto, L. Armus, V. Charmandaris, T. Díaz-Santos, A. S. Evans, J. Fischer, Y. Gao, E. González-Alfonso, T. R. Greve, A. I. Harris, C. Henkel, F. P. Israel, K. G. Isaak, C. Kramer, R. Meijerink, D. A. Naylor, D. B. Sanders, H. A. SmithM. Spaans, L. Spinoglio, G. J. Stacey, I. Veenendaal, S. Veilleux, F. Walter, A. Weiß, M. C. Wiedner, Matthijs Hendrik Daniël Van der Wiel, E. M. Xilouris

96 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

(Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are objects characterized by their extreme infrared (8-1000 μm) luminosities (L_⊙LIRG > 10¹¹ L_⊙ and L_⊙ULIRG > 10¹² L_⊙). The Herschel Comprehensive ULIRG Emission Survey (PI: van der Werf) presents a representative flux-limited sample of 29 (U)LIRGs that spans the full luminosity range of these objects (10¹¹ L_⊙ ≤ L_⊙IR ≤ 10¹³ L_⊙). With the Herschel Space Observatory, we observe [C II] 157 μm, [O I] 63 μm, and [O I] 145 μm line emission with Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, CO J = 4-3 through J = 13-12, [C I] 370 μm, and [C I] 609 μm with SPIRE, and low-J CO transitions with ground-based telescopes. The CO ladders of the sample are separated into three classes based on their excitation level. In 13 of the galaxies, the [O I] 63 μm emission line is self absorbed. Comparing the CO excitation to the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite 60/100 μm ratio and to far infrared luminosity, we find that the CO excitation is more correlated to the far infrared colors. We present cooling budgets for the galaxies and find fine-structure line flux deficits in the [C II], [Si II], [O I], and [C I] lines in the objects with the highest far IR fluxes, but do not observe this for CO 4 ≤ J _upp ≤ 13. In order to study the heating of the molecular gas, we present a combination of three diagnostic quantities to help determine the dominant heating source. Using the CO excitation, the CO J = 1-0 linewidth, and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution, we conclude that galaxies with large CO linewidths always have high-excitation CO ladders, and often low AGN contributions, suggesting that mechanical heating is important.

Original language	English
Article number	72
Journal	Astrophysical Journal
Volume	801
Issue number	2
ISSN	0004-637X
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72
Publication status	Published - 10 Mar 2015
Externally published	Yes

Keywords

galaxies: individual (ULIRGs)
galaxies: ISM
molecular data
photon-dominated region (PDR)
submillimeter: ISM

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Rosenberg, M. J. F., Van Der Werf, P. P., Aalto, S., Armus, L., Charmandaris, V., Díaz-Santos, T., Evans, A. S., Fischer, J., Gao, Y., González-Alfonso, E., Greve, T. R., Harris, A. I., Henkel, C., Israel, F. P., Isaak, K. G., Kramer, C., Meijerink, R., Naylor, D. A., Sanders, D. B., ... Xilouris, E. M. (2015). The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling. Astrophysical Journal, 801(2), Article 72. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72

Rosenberg, MJF, Van Der Werf, PP, Aalto, S, Armus, L, Charmandaris, V, Díaz-Santos, T, Evans, AS, Fischer, J, Gao, Y, González-Alfonso, E, Greve, TR, Harris, AI, Henkel, C, Israel, FP, Isaak, KG, Kramer, C, Meijerink, R, Naylor, DA, Sanders, DB, Smith, HA, Spaans, M, Spinoglio, L, Stacey, GJ, Veenendaal, I, Veilleux, S, Walter, F, Weiß, A, Wiedner, MC, Van der Wiel, MHD & Xilouris, EM 2015, 'The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling', Astrophysical Journal, vol. 801, no. 2, 72. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72

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title = "The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling",

abstract = "(Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are objects characterized by their extreme infrared (8-1000 μm) luminosities (L⊙LIRG > 1011 L⊙ and L⊙ULIRG > 1012 L⊙). The Herschel Comprehensive ULIRG Emission Survey (PI: van der Werf) presents a representative flux-limited sample of 29 (U)LIRGs that spans the full luminosity range of these objects (1011 L⊙ ≤ L⊙IR ≤ 1013 L⊙). With the Herschel Space Observatory, we observe [C II] 157 μm, [O I] 63 μm, and [O I] 145 μm line emission with Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, CO J = 4-3 through J = 13-12, [C I] 370 μm, and [C I] 609 μm with SPIRE, and low-J CO transitions with ground-based telescopes. The CO ladders of the sample are separated into three classes based on their excitation level. In 13 of the galaxies, the [O I] 63 μm emission line is self absorbed. Comparing the CO excitation to the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite 60/100 μm ratio and to far infrared luminosity, we find that the CO excitation is more correlated to the far infrared colors. We present cooling budgets for the galaxies and find fine-structure line flux deficits in the [C II], [Si II], [O I], and [C I] lines in the objects with the highest far IR fluxes, but do not observe this for CO 4 ≤ J upp ≤ 13. In order to study the heating of the molecular gas, we present a combination of three diagnostic quantities to help determine the dominant heating source. Using the CO excitation, the CO J = 1-0 linewidth, and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution, we conclude that galaxies with large CO linewidths always have high-excitation CO ladders, and often low AGN contributions, suggesting that mechanical heating is important.",

keywords = "galaxies: individual (ULIRGs), galaxies: ISM, molecular data, photon-dominated region (PDR), submillimeter: ISM",

author = "Rosenberg, {M. J F} and {Van Der Werf}, {P. P.} and S. Aalto and L. Armus and V. Charmandaris and T. D{\'i}az-Santos and Evans, {A. S.} and J. Fischer and Y. Gao and E. Gonz{\'a}lez-Alfonso and Greve, {T. R.} and Harris, {A. I.} and C. Henkel and Israel, {F. P.} and Isaak, {K. G.} and C. Kramer and R. Meijerink and Naylor, {D. A.} and Sanders, {D. B.} and Smith, {H. A.} and M. Spaans and L. Spinoglio and Stacey, {G. J.} and I. Veenendaal and S. Veilleux and F. Walter and A. Wei{\ss} and Wiedner, {M. C.} and {Van der Wiel}, {Matthijs Hendrik Dani{\"e}l} and Xilouris, {E. M.}",

year = "2015",

month = mar,

day = "10",

doi = "10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72",

language = "English",

volume = "801",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "Institute of Physics Publishing, Inc",

number = "2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules)

T2 - Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling

AU - Rosenberg, M. J F

AU - Van Der Werf, P. P.

AU - Aalto, S.

AU - Armus, L.

AU - Charmandaris, V.

AU - Díaz-Santos, T.

AU - Evans, A. S.

AU - Fischer, J.

AU - Gao, Y.

AU - González-Alfonso, E.

AU - Greve, T. R.

AU - Harris, A. I.

AU - Henkel, C.

AU - Israel, F. P.

AU - Isaak, K. G.

AU - Kramer, C.

AU - Meijerink, R.

AU - Naylor, D. A.

AU - Sanders, D. B.

AU - Smith, H. A.

AU - Spaans, M.

AU - Spinoglio, L.

AU - Stacey, G. J.

AU - Veenendaal, I.

AU - Veilleux, S.

AU - Walter, F.

AU - Weiß, A.

AU - Wiedner, M. C.

AU - Van der Wiel, Matthijs Hendrik Daniël

AU - Xilouris, E. M.

PY - 2015/3/10

Y1 - 2015/3/10

N2 - (Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are objects characterized by their extreme infrared (8-1000 μm) luminosities (L⊙LIRG > 1011 L⊙ and L⊙ULIRG > 1012 L⊙). The Herschel Comprehensive ULIRG Emission Survey (PI: van der Werf) presents a representative flux-limited sample of 29 (U)LIRGs that spans the full luminosity range of these objects (1011 L⊙ ≤ L⊙IR ≤ 1013 L⊙). With the Herschel Space Observatory, we observe [C II] 157 μm, [O I] 63 μm, and [O I] 145 μm line emission with Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, CO J = 4-3 through J = 13-12, [C I] 370 μm, and [C I] 609 μm with SPIRE, and low-J CO transitions with ground-based telescopes. The CO ladders of the sample are separated into three classes based on their excitation level. In 13 of the galaxies, the [O I] 63 μm emission line is self absorbed. Comparing the CO excitation to the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite 60/100 μm ratio and to far infrared luminosity, we find that the CO excitation is more correlated to the far infrared colors. We present cooling budgets for the galaxies and find fine-structure line flux deficits in the [C II], [Si II], [O I], and [C I] lines in the objects with the highest far IR fluxes, but do not observe this for CO 4 ≤ J upp ≤ 13. In order to study the heating of the molecular gas, we present a combination of three diagnostic quantities to help determine the dominant heating source. Using the CO excitation, the CO J = 1-0 linewidth, and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution, we conclude that galaxies with large CO linewidths always have high-excitation CO ladders, and often low AGN contributions, suggesting that mechanical heating is important.

AB - (Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are objects characterized by their extreme infrared (8-1000 μm) luminosities (L⊙LIRG > 1011 L⊙ and L⊙ULIRG > 1012 L⊙). The Herschel Comprehensive ULIRG Emission Survey (PI: van der Werf) presents a representative flux-limited sample of 29 (U)LIRGs that spans the full luminosity range of these objects (1011 L⊙ ≤ L⊙IR ≤ 1013 L⊙). With the Herschel Space Observatory, we observe [C II] 157 μm, [O I] 63 μm, and [O I] 145 μm line emission with Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, CO J = 4-3 through J = 13-12, [C I] 370 μm, and [C I] 609 μm with SPIRE, and low-J CO transitions with ground-based telescopes. The CO ladders of the sample are separated into three classes based on their excitation level. In 13 of the galaxies, the [O I] 63 μm emission line is self absorbed. Comparing the CO excitation to the InfraRed Astronomical Satellite 60/100 μm ratio and to far infrared luminosity, we find that the CO excitation is more correlated to the far infrared colors. We present cooling budgets for the galaxies and find fine-structure line flux deficits in the [C II], [Si II], [O I], and [C I] lines in the objects with the highest far IR fluxes, but do not observe this for CO 4 ≤ J upp ≤ 13. In order to study the heating of the molecular gas, we present a combination of three diagnostic quantities to help determine the dominant heating source. Using the CO excitation, the CO J = 1-0 linewidth, and the active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution, we conclude that galaxies with large CO linewidths always have high-excitation CO ladders, and often low AGN contributions, suggesting that mechanical heating is important.

KW - galaxies: individual (ULIRGs)

KW - galaxies: ISM

KW - molecular data

KW - photon-dominated region (PDR)

KW - submillimeter: ISM

U2 - 10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72

DO - 10.1088/0004-637X/801/2/72

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:84924703429

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 801

JO - Astrophysical Journal

JF - Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 72

ER -

The herschel comprehensive (u)lirg emission survey (hercules): Co ladders, fine structure lines, and neutral gas cooling

Abstract

Keywords

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