The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Morten Rasmussen; Sarah L Anzick; Michael R. Waters; Pontus Skoglund; Michael DeGiorgio; Thomas Stafford jr.; Simon Rasmussen; Ida Moltke; Anders Albrechtsen; Shane M. Doyle; G. David Poznik; Valborg Gudmundsdottir; Rachita Yadav; Anna Sapfo Malaspinas; Samuel Stockton White; Morten Erik Allentoft; Omar E. Cornejo; Kristiina Tambets; Anders Eriksson; Peter D. Heintzman; Monika Karmin; Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen; David J. Meltzer; Tracey Lynn Pierre; Jesper Stenderup; Lauri Saag; Vera M. Warmuth; Margarida C. Lopes; Ripan S. Malhi; Søren Brunak; Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén; Ian Barnes; Matthew Collins; Ludovic Antoine Alexandre Orlando; Francois Balloux; Andrea Manica; Ramneek Gupta; Mait Metspalu; Carlos D. Bustamante; Mattias Jakobsson; Rasmus Nielsen; Eske Willerslev

doi:10.1038/nature13025

The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Morten Rasmussen, Sarah L Anzick, Michael R. Waters, Pontus Skoglund, Michael DeGiorgio, Thomas Stafford jr., Simon Rasmussen, Ida Moltke, Anders Albrechtsen, Shane M. Doyle, G. David Poznik, Valborg Gudmundsdottir, Rachita Yadav, Anna Sapfo Malaspinas, Samuel Stockton White, Morten Erik Allentoft, Omar E. Cornejo, Kristiina Tambets, Anders Eriksson, Peter D. HeintzmanMonika Karmin, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, David J. Meltzer, Tracey Lynn Pierre, Jesper Stenderup, Lauri Saag, Vera M. Warmuth, Margarida C. Lopes, Ripan S. Malhi, Søren Brunak, Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén, Ian Barnes, Matthew Collins, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre Orlando, Francois Balloux, Andrea Manica, Ramneek Gupta, Mait Metspalu, Carlos D. Bustamante, Mattias Jakobsson, Rasmus Nielsen, Eske Willerslev

Computational and RNA Biology

290 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.

Original language	English
Journal	Nature
Volume	506
Issue number	7487
Pages (from-to)	225-229
Number of pages	5
ISSN	0028-0836
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13025
Publication status	Published - 2014

Keywords

Archaeology
Asia
Bone and Bones
Burial
Chromosomes, Human, Y
DNA, Mitochondrial
Emigration and Immigration
Europe
Gene Flow
Genome, Human
Haplotypes
History, Ancient
Humans
Indians, North American
Infant
Male
Models, Genetic
Molecular Sequence Data
Montana
Phylogeny
Population Dynamics
Radiometric Dating

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1038/nature13025

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Rasmussen, M., Anzick, S. L., Waters, M. R., Skoglund, P., DeGiorgio, M., Stafford jr., T., Rasmussen, S., Moltke, I., Albrechtsen, A., Doyle, S. M., Poznik, G. D., Gudmundsdottir, V., Yadav, R., Malaspinas, A. S., White, S. S., Allentoft, M. E., Cornejo, O. E., Tambets, K., Eriksson, A., ... Willerslev, E. (2014). The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature, 506(7487), 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13025

Rasmussen, M, Anzick, SL, Waters, MR, Skoglund, P, DeGiorgio, M, Stafford jr., T, Rasmussen, S , Moltke, I , Albrechtsen, A, Doyle, SM, Poznik, GD, Gudmundsdottir, V, Yadav, R, Malaspinas, AS, White, SS, Allentoft, ME, Cornejo, OE, Tambets, K, Eriksson, A, Heintzman, PD, Karmin, M, Korneliussen, TS, Meltzer, DJ, Pierre, TL, Stenderup, J, Saag, L, Warmuth, VM, Lopes, MC, Malhi, RS, Brunak, S, Sicheritz-Pontén, T, Barnes, I, Collins, M, Orlando, LAA, Balloux, F, Manica, A, Gupta, R, Metspalu, M, Bustamante, CD, Jakobsson, M, Nielsen, R & Willerslev, E 2014, 'The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana', Nature, vol. 506, no. 7487, pp. 225-229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13025

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title = "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana",

abstract = "Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.",

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author = "Morten Rasmussen and Anzick, {Sarah L} and Waters, {Michael R.} and Pontus Skoglund and Michael DeGiorgio and {Stafford jr.}, Thomas and Simon Rasmussen and Ida Moltke and Anders Albrechtsen and Doyle, {Shane M.} and Poznik, {G. David} and Valborg Gudmundsdottir and Rachita Yadav and Malaspinas, {Anna Sapfo} and White, {Samuel Stockton} and Allentoft, {Morten Erik} and Cornejo, {Omar E.} and Kristiina Tambets and Anders Eriksson and Heintzman, {Peter D.} and Monika Karmin and Korneliussen, {Thorfinn Sand} and Meltzer, {David J.} and Pierre, {Tracey Lynn} and Jesper Stenderup and Lauri Saag and Warmuth, {Vera M.} and Lopes, {Margarida C.} and Malhi, {Ripan S.} and S{\o}ren Brunak and Thomas Sicheritz-Pont{\'e}n and Ian Barnes and Matthew Collins and Orlando, {Ludovic Antoine Alexandre} and Francois Balloux and Andrea Manica and Ramneek Gupta and Mait Metspalu and Bustamante, {Carlos D.} and Mattias Jakobsson and Rasmus Nielsen and Eske Willerslev",

year = "2014",

doi = "10.1038/nature13025",

language = "English",

volume = "506",

pages = "225--229",

journal = "Nature",

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T1 - The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

AU - Rasmussen, Morten

AU - Anzick, Sarah L

AU - Waters, Michael R.

AU - Skoglund, Pontus

AU - DeGiorgio, Michael

AU - Stafford jr., Thomas

AU - Rasmussen, Simon

AU - Moltke, Ida

AU - Albrechtsen, Anders

AU - Doyle, Shane M.

AU - Poznik, G. David

AU - Gudmundsdottir, Valborg

AU - Yadav, Rachita

AU - Malaspinas, Anna Sapfo

AU - White, Samuel Stockton

AU - Allentoft, Morten Erik

AU - Cornejo, Omar E.

AU - Tambets, Kristiina

AU - Eriksson, Anders

AU - Heintzman, Peter D.

AU - Karmin, Monika

AU - Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand

AU - Meltzer, David J.

AU - Pierre, Tracey Lynn

AU - Stenderup, Jesper

AU - Saag, Lauri

AU - Warmuth, Vera M.

AU - Lopes, Margarida C.

AU - Malhi, Ripan S.

AU - Brunak, Søren

AU - Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas

AU - Barnes, Ian

AU - Collins, Matthew

AU - Orlando, Ludovic Antoine Alexandre

AU - Balloux, Francois

AU - Manica, Andrea

AU - Gupta, Ramneek

AU - Metspalu, Mait

AU - Bustamante, Carlos D.

AU - Jakobsson, Mattias

AU - Nielsen, Rasmus

AU - Willerslev, Eske

PY - 2014

Y1 - 2014

N2 - Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.

AB - Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 (14)C years before present (bp) (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years bp). Nearly 50 years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and the genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain under debate. It is generally believed that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors emigrated from southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705 ± 35 (14)C years bp (approximately 12,707-12,556 calendar years bp) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened before 12,600 years bp. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that predates the Anzick-1 individual.

KW - Archaeology

KW - Asia

KW - Bone and Bones

KW - Burial

KW - Chromosomes, Human, Y

KW - DNA, Mitochondrial

KW - Emigration and Immigration

KW - Europe

KW - Gene Flow

KW - Genome, Human

KW - Haplotypes

KW - History, Ancient

KW - Humans

KW - Indians, North American

KW - Infant

KW - Male

KW - Models, Genetic

KW - Molecular Sequence Data

KW - Montana

KW - Phylogeny

KW - Population Dynamics

KW - Radiometric Dating

U2 - 10.1038/nature13025

DO - 10.1038/nature13025

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 24522598

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 506

SP - 225

EP - 229

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 7487

ER -

The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

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