The evolution of chemical defenses in passion vine butterflies: biosynthesis, sequestration, and functional diversification of cyanogenicglucosides in Heliconius

Agriculture & Biology

• Heliconius 100%
• chemical defenses 77%
• butterflies 66%
• vines 64%
• glucosides 62%
• biosynthesis 42%
• Passiflora 25%
• larvae 8%
• ancestry 8%
• Heliconius melpomene 7%
• predators 6%
• hydrogen cyanide 6%
• bitterness 5%
• degradation 5%
• peers 5%
• communication (human) 5%
• cyanides 5%
• lizards 4%
• moths 4%
• aromatic compounds 4%
• life cycle (organisms) 3%
• host plants 3%
• Lepidoptera 3%
• nutritive value 3%
• birds 2%
• nitrogen 2%
• assays 2%