The Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein gp150 Forms an Immune-Evasive Glycan Shield at the Surface of Infected Cells

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein gp150 Forms an Immune-Evasive Glycan Shield at the Surface of Infected Cells

AU - Gram, Anna M

AU - Oosenbrug, Timo

AU - Lindenbergh, Marthe F S

AU - Büll, Christian

AU - Comvalius, Anouskha

AU - Dickson, Kathryn J I

AU - Wiegant, Joop

AU - Vrolijk, Hans

AU - Lebbink, Robert Jan

AU - Wolterbeek, Ron

AU - Adema, Gosse J

AU - Griffioen, Marieke

AU - Heemskerk, Mirjam H M

AU - Tscharke, David C

AU - Hutt-Fletcher, Lindsey M

AU - Wiertz, Emmanuel J H J

AU - Hoeben, Rob C

AU - Ressing, Maaike E

PY - 2016/4

Y1 - 2016/4

N2 - Cell-mediated immunity plays a key role in host control of viral infection. This is exemplified by life-threatening reactivations of e.g. herpesviruses in individuals with impaired T-cell and/or iNKT cell responses. To allow lifelong persistence and virus production in the face of primed immunity, herpesviruses exploit immune evasion strategies. These include a reduction in viral antigen expression during latency and a number of escape mechanisms that target antigen presentation pathways. Given the plethora of foreign antigens expressed in virus-producing cells, herpesviruses are conceivably most vulnerable to elimination by cell-mediated immunity during the replicative phase of infection. Here, we show that a prototypic herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encodes a novel, broadly acting immunoevasin, gp150, that is expressed during the late phase of viral replication. In particular, EBV gp150 inhibits antigen presentation by HLA class I, HLA class II, and the non-classical, lipid-presenting CD1d molecules. The mechanism of gp150-mediated T-cell escape does not depend on degradation of the antigen-presenting molecules nor does it require gp150's cytoplasmic tail. Through its abundant glycosylation, gp150 creates a shield that impedes surface presentation of antigen. This is an unprecedented immune evasion mechanism for herpesviruses. In view of its likely broader target range, gp150 could additionally have an impact beyond escape of T cell activation. Importantly, B cells infected with a gp150-null mutant EBV displayed rescued levels of surface antigen presentation by HLA class I, HLA class II, and CD1d, supporting an important role for iNKT cells next to classical T cells in fighting EBV infection. At the same time, our results indicate that EBV gp150 prolongs the timespan for producing viral offspring at the most vulnerable stage of the viral life cycle.

AB - Cell-mediated immunity plays a key role in host control of viral infection. This is exemplified by life-threatening reactivations of e.g. herpesviruses in individuals with impaired T-cell and/or iNKT cell responses. To allow lifelong persistence and virus production in the face of primed immunity, herpesviruses exploit immune evasion strategies. These include a reduction in viral antigen expression during latency and a number of escape mechanisms that target antigen presentation pathways. Given the plethora of foreign antigens expressed in virus-producing cells, herpesviruses are conceivably most vulnerable to elimination by cell-mediated immunity during the replicative phase of infection. Here, we show that a prototypic herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), encodes a novel, broadly acting immunoevasin, gp150, that is expressed during the late phase of viral replication. In particular, EBV gp150 inhibits antigen presentation by HLA class I, HLA class II, and the non-classical, lipid-presenting CD1d molecules. The mechanism of gp150-mediated T-cell escape does not depend on degradation of the antigen-presenting molecules nor does it require gp150's cytoplasmic tail. Through its abundant glycosylation, gp150 creates a shield that impedes surface presentation of antigen. This is an unprecedented immune evasion mechanism for herpesviruses. In view of its likely broader target range, gp150 could additionally have an impact beyond escape of T cell activation. Importantly, B cells infected with a gp150-null mutant EBV displayed rescued levels of surface antigen presentation by HLA class I, HLA class II, and CD1d, supporting an important role for iNKT cells next to classical T cells in fighting EBV infection. At the same time, our results indicate that EBV gp150 prolongs the timespan for producing viral offspring at the most vulnerable stage of the viral life cycle.

KW - Antigen Presentation/immunology

KW - Blotting, Western

KW - Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology

KW - Flow Cytometry

KW - Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology

KW - Humans

KW - Immune Evasion/immunology

KW - Lymphocyte Activation/immunology

KW - Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology

KW - Microscopy, Confocal

KW - T-Lymphocytes/immunology

KW - Transduction, Genetic

KW - Viral Proteins/immunology

U2 - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005550

DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005550

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 27077376

SN - 1553-7366

VL - 12

JO - P L o S Pathogens

JF - P L o S Pathogens

IS - 4

M1 - e1005550

ER -