TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages along and among neighbouring equatorial glacier-fed streams
AU - Kuhn, J.
AU - Andino, P.
AU - Calvez, R.
AU - Espinosa, R.
AU - Hamerlik, L
AU - Vie, S
AU - Dangles, O.
AU - Jacobsen, Dean
PY - 2011/11
Y1 - 2011/11
N2 - 1.During the past two decades, understanding of the structure and function of glacier-fed stream ecosystems at temperate latitudes has increased substantially. In contrast, information on their tropical counterparts is very limited. We studied three neighbouring glacier-fed streams in the tropical Andes of Ecuador. Our main goals were (i) to determine overall longitudinal patterns in density, taxon richness and the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages and driving factors in equatorial glacial streams and (ii) to examine variability among replicate streams in faunal metrics and assemblages, and stream-specific effects of supposed environmental key factors. 2.We measured four geographical and 17 environmental factors and collected five Surber samples (500cm2) of macroinvertebrates at each of nine sites, three sites along three streams. The streams were located 1-5km apart. In each stream, the three sites were placed at comparable distances from the glacier and were grouped as 'upper' (50-200m), 'middle' (1.5km) and 'lower' sites (3.5-5.6km). 3.In total, 2200 individuals (64% chironomids) were collected and 47 taxa (30 dipterans, 18 of these Chironomidae) identified. Density ranged from 176 to 372 ind.m-2, and the number of taxa ranged from 2 to 6 at the upper sites and 868-3044 ind.m-2 and 21-27 taxa at the lower sites. Density, number of taxa, rarefied richness and axis-1 coordinates from a MDS ordination increased logarithmically with distance from the glacier. These faunal metrics were equally related to altitude and glacier per cent of catchment and correlated with maximum conductivity, mean temperature, mean daily maximum temperature and a channel stability index. As expected, the mean difference in distance decay in similarity was higher at the upper (47%km-1) than at the lower reaches (20%km-1) of the streams. 4.The number of taxa varied among sites within the upper and middle groups, but not among the lower sites. In contrast, but in accordance with our expectation, assemblage composition did not differ among upper sites but did so at middle and lower sites, following a supposed decrease in environmental harshness along the streams. Relationships between faunal metrics and the four environmental variables mean temperature, the stability index, chlorophyll a and coarse particulate organic matter also varied among the three streams. Generalised linear model analyses revealed that temperature interacted with stream on macroinvertebrate density, while chlorophyll a had a significant effect on the number of taxa in interaction with stream and stability. 5.The basic predictions of the Milner (2001a), model regarding longitudinal faunal patterns and temperature and stability as main driving factors were met by our three replicate equatorial glacial streams. Qualitative departures from the model were mainly because of zoogeographical differences. We demonstrated that variability in assemblages between comparable sites in closely situated streams was considerable, and the effect of key environmental factors varied among streams and interacted with other factors. Quantifying spatial variation in benthic assemblages may help us foresee possible consequences for biodiversity as a result of glacial retreat.
AB - 1.During the past two decades, understanding of the structure and function of glacier-fed stream ecosystems at temperate latitudes has increased substantially. In contrast, information on their tropical counterparts is very limited. We studied three neighbouring glacier-fed streams in the tropical Andes of Ecuador. Our main goals were (i) to determine overall longitudinal patterns in density, taxon richness and the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages and driving factors in equatorial glacial streams and (ii) to examine variability among replicate streams in faunal metrics and assemblages, and stream-specific effects of supposed environmental key factors. 2.We measured four geographical and 17 environmental factors and collected five Surber samples (500cm2) of macroinvertebrates at each of nine sites, three sites along three streams. The streams were located 1-5km apart. In each stream, the three sites were placed at comparable distances from the glacier and were grouped as 'upper' (50-200m), 'middle' (1.5km) and 'lower' sites (3.5-5.6km). 3.In total, 2200 individuals (64% chironomids) were collected and 47 taxa (30 dipterans, 18 of these Chironomidae) identified. Density ranged from 176 to 372 ind.m-2, and the number of taxa ranged from 2 to 6 at the upper sites and 868-3044 ind.m-2 and 21-27 taxa at the lower sites. Density, number of taxa, rarefied richness and axis-1 coordinates from a MDS ordination increased logarithmically with distance from the glacier. These faunal metrics were equally related to altitude and glacier per cent of catchment and correlated with maximum conductivity, mean temperature, mean daily maximum temperature and a channel stability index. As expected, the mean difference in distance decay in similarity was higher at the upper (47%km-1) than at the lower reaches (20%km-1) of the streams. 4.The number of taxa varied among sites within the upper and middle groups, but not among the lower sites. In contrast, but in accordance with our expectation, assemblage composition did not differ among upper sites but did so at middle and lower sites, following a supposed decrease in environmental harshness along the streams. Relationships between faunal metrics and the four environmental variables mean temperature, the stability index, chlorophyll a and coarse particulate organic matter also varied among the three streams. Generalised linear model analyses revealed that temperature interacted with stream on macroinvertebrate density, while chlorophyll a had a significant effect on the number of taxa in interaction with stream and stability. 5.The basic predictions of the Milner (2001a), model regarding longitudinal faunal patterns and temperature and stability as main driving factors were met by our three replicate equatorial glacial streams. Qualitative departures from the model were mainly because of zoogeographical differences. We demonstrated that variability in assemblages between comparable sites in closely situated streams was considerable, and the effect of key environmental factors varied among streams and interacted with other factors. Quantifying spatial variation in benthic assemblages may help us foresee possible consequences for biodiversity as a result of glacial retreat.
U2 - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02648.x
DO - 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02648.x
M3 - Journal article
SN - 0046-5070
VL - 56
SP - 2226
EP - 2244
JO - Freshwater Biology
JF - Freshwater Biology
IS - 11
ER -