Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya

Simon Brooker; Siân Clarke; Joseph Kiambo Njagi; Sarah Polack; Benbolt Mugo; Benson Estambale; Eric Muchiri; Pascal Magnussen; Jonathan Cox

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x

Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya

Simon Brooker^*, Siân Clarke, Joseph Kiambo Njagi, Sarah Polack, Benbolt Mugo, Benson Estambale, Eric Muchiri, Pascal Magnussen, Jonathan Cox

^*Corresponding author for this work

DRUGS team

158 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The epidemiology of malaria over small areas remains poorly understood, and this is particularly true for malaria during epidemics in highland areas of Africa, where transmission intensity is low and characterized by acute within and between year variations. We report an analysis of the spatial distribution of clinical malaria during an epidemic and investigate putative risk factors. Active case surveillance was undertaken in three schools in Nandi District, Western Kenya for 10 weeks during a malaria outbreak in May-July 2002. Household surveys of cases and age-matched controls were conducted to collect information on household construction, exposure factors and socio-economic status. Household geographical location and altitude were determined using a hand-held geographical positioning system and landcover types were determined using high spatial resolution satellite sensor data. Among 129 cases identified during the surveillance, which were matched to 155 controls, we identified significant spatial clusters of malaria cases as determined using the spatial scan statistic. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of malaria was higher in children who were underweight, who lived at lower altitudes, and who lived in households where drugs were not kept at home.

Original language	English
Journal	Tropical Medicine and International Health
Volume	9
Issue number	7
Pages (from-to)	757-766
Number of pages	10
ISSN	1360-2276
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x
Publication status	Published - 1 Jul 2004

Keywords

Highland malaria
Household distribution
Kenya
Malaria
Risk factors
Spatial clustering

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x

Cite this

@article{c2c6c6f03a5e44d186870d3b9ea14a84,

title = "Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya",

abstract = "The epidemiology of malaria over small areas remains poorly understood, and this is particularly true for malaria during epidemics in highland areas of Africa, where transmission intensity is low and characterized by acute within and between year variations. We report an analysis of the spatial distribution of clinical malaria during an epidemic and investigate putative risk factors. Active case surveillance was undertaken in three schools in Nandi District, Western Kenya for 10 weeks during a malaria outbreak in May-July 2002. Household surveys of cases and age-matched controls were conducted to collect information on household construction, exposure factors and socio-economic status. Household geographical location and altitude were determined using a hand-held geographical positioning system and landcover types were determined using high spatial resolution satellite sensor data. Among 129 cases identified during the surveillance, which were matched to 155 controls, we identified significant spatial clusters of malaria cases as determined using the spatial scan statistic. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of malaria was higher in children who were underweight, who lived at lower altitudes, and who lived in households where drugs were not kept at home.",

keywords = "Highland malaria, Household distribution, Kenya, Malaria, Risk factors, Spatial clustering",

author = "Simon Brooker and Si{\^a}n Clarke and Njagi, {Joseph Kiambo} and Sarah Polack and Benbolt Mugo and Benson Estambale and Eric Muchiri and Pascal Magnussen and Jonathan Cox",

year = "2004",

month = jul,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x",

language = "English",

volume = "9",

pages = "757--766",

journal = "Tropical Medicine & International Health",

issn = "1360-2276",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell",

number = "7",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya

AU - Brooker, Simon

AU - Clarke, Siân

AU - Njagi, Joseph Kiambo

AU - Polack, Sarah

AU - Mugo, Benbolt

AU - Estambale, Benson

AU - Muchiri, Eric

AU - Magnussen, Pascal

AU - Cox, Jonathan

PY - 2004/7/1

Y1 - 2004/7/1

N2 - The epidemiology of malaria over small areas remains poorly understood, and this is particularly true for malaria during epidemics in highland areas of Africa, where transmission intensity is low and characterized by acute within and between year variations. We report an analysis of the spatial distribution of clinical malaria during an epidemic and investigate putative risk factors. Active case surveillance was undertaken in three schools in Nandi District, Western Kenya for 10 weeks during a malaria outbreak in May-July 2002. Household surveys of cases and age-matched controls were conducted to collect information on household construction, exposure factors and socio-economic status. Household geographical location and altitude were determined using a hand-held geographical positioning system and landcover types were determined using high spatial resolution satellite sensor data. Among 129 cases identified during the surveillance, which were matched to 155 controls, we identified significant spatial clusters of malaria cases as determined using the spatial scan statistic. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of malaria was higher in children who were underweight, who lived at lower altitudes, and who lived in households where drugs were not kept at home.

AB - The epidemiology of malaria over small areas remains poorly understood, and this is particularly true for malaria during epidemics in highland areas of Africa, where transmission intensity is low and characterized by acute within and between year variations. We report an analysis of the spatial distribution of clinical malaria during an epidemic and investigate putative risk factors. Active case surveillance was undertaken in three schools in Nandi District, Western Kenya for 10 weeks during a malaria outbreak in May-July 2002. Household surveys of cases and age-matched controls were conducted to collect information on household construction, exposure factors and socio-economic status. Household geographical location and altitude were determined using a hand-held geographical positioning system and landcover types were determined using high spatial resolution satellite sensor data. Among 129 cases identified during the surveillance, which were matched to 155 controls, we identified significant spatial clusters of malaria cases as determined using the spatial scan statistic. Conditional multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of malaria was higher in children who were underweight, who lived at lower altitudes, and who lived in households where drugs were not kept at home.

KW - Highland malaria

KW - Household distribution

KW - Kenya

KW - Malaria

KW - Risk factors

KW - Spatial clustering

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=3242679558&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x

DO - 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x

M3 - Review

C2 - 15228485

AN - SCOPUS:3242679558

SN - 1360-2276

VL - 9

SP - 757

EP - 766

JO - Tropical Medicine & International Health

JF - Tropical Medicine & International Health

IS - 7

ER -

Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya

Abstract

Keywords

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this