Segmentation of intracranial arterial calcification with deeply supervised residual dropout networks

Gerda Bortsova*, Gijs van Tulder, Florian Dubost, Tingying Peng, Nassir Navab, Aad van der Lugt, Daniel Bos, Marleen de Bruijne

*Corresponding author for this work
5 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Intracranial carotid artery calcification (ICAC) is a major risk factor for stroke, and might contribute to dementia and cognitive decline. Reliance on time-consuming manual annotation of ICAC hampers much demanded further research into the relationship between ICAC and neurological diseases. Automation of ICAC segmentation is therefore highly desirable, but difficult due to the proximity of the lesions to bony structures with a similar attenuation coefficient. In this paper, we propose a method for automatic segmentation of ICAC; the first to our knowledge. Our method is based on a 3D fully convolutional neural network that we extend with two regularization techniques. Firstly, we use deep supervision to encourage discriminative features in the hidden layers. Secondly, we augment the network with skip connections, as in the recently developed ResNet, and dropout layers, inserted in a way that skip connections circumvent them. We investigate the effect of skip connections and dropout. In addition, we propose a simple problem-specific modification of the network objective function that restricts the focus to the most important image regions and simplifies the optimization. We train and validate our model using 882 CT scans and test on 1,000. Our regularization techniques and objective improve the average Dice score by 7.1%, yielding an average Dice of 76.2% and 97.7% correlation between predicted ICAC volumes and manual annotations.

Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationMedical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention − MICCAI 2017 : 20th International Conference, Quebec City, QC, Canada, September 11-13, 2017, Proceedings, Part III
EditorsMaxime Descoteaux, Lena Maier-Hein, Alfred Franz, Pierre Jannin, D. Louis Collins, Simon Duchesne
Number of pages9
PublisherSpringer
Publication date2017
Pages356-364
ISBN (Print)978-3-319-66178-0
ISBN (Electronic)978-3-319-66179-7
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2017
Event20th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Quebec City, Canada
Duration: 11 Sept 201713 Sept 2017
Conference number: 20

Conference

Conference20th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
Number20
Country/TerritoryCanada
CityQuebec City
Period11/09/201713/09/2017
SeriesLecture notes in computer science
Volume10435
ISSN0302-9743

Keywords

  • Calcium scoring
  • Deep learning
  • Deep supervision
  • Dropout
  • Intracranial calcifications
  • Residual networks

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