RegulatING chromatin regulators: post-translational modification of the ING family of epigenetic regulators

TY - JOUR

T1 - RegulatING chromatin regulators

T2 - post-translational modification of the ING family of epigenetic regulators

AU - Satpathy, Shankha

AU - Nabbi, Arash

AU - Riabowol, Karl

PY - 2013/3/15

Y1 - 2013/3/15

N2 - The five human ING genes encode at least 15 splicing isoforms, most of which affect cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis through their ability to alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. Since their discovery in 1996, ING proteins have been classified as type II tumour suppressors on the basis of reports describing their down-regulation and mislocalization in a variety of cancer types. In addition to their regulation by transcriptional mechanisms, understanding the range of PTMs (post-translational modifications) of INGs is important in understanding how ING functions are fine-tuned in the physiological setting and how they add to the repertoire of activities affected by the INGs. In the present paper we review the different PTMs that have been reported to occur on INGs. We discuss the PTMs that modulate ING function under normal conditions and in response to a variety of stresses. We also describe the ING PTMs that have been identified by several unbiased MS-based PTM enrichment techniques and subsequent proteomic analysis. Among the ING PTMs identified to date, a subset has been characterized for their biological significance and have been shown to affect processes including subcellular localization, interaction with enzymatic complexes and ING protein half-life. The present review aims to highlight the emerging role of PTMs in regulating ING function and to suggest additional pathways and functions where PTMs may effect ING function.

AB - The five human ING genes encode at least 15 splicing isoforms, most of which affect cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis through their ability to alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. Since their discovery in 1996, ING proteins have been classified as type II tumour suppressors on the basis of reports describing their down-regulation and mislocalization in a variety of cancer types. In addition to their regulation by transcriptional mechanisms, understanding the range of PTMs (post-translational modifications) of INGs is important in understanding how ING functions are fine-tuned in the physiological setting and how they add to the repertoire of activities affected by the INGs. In the present paper we review the different PTMs that have been reported to occur on INGs. We discuss the PTMs that modulate ING function under normal conditions and in response to a variety of stresses. We also describe the ING PTMs that have been identified by several unbiased MS-based PTM enrichment techniques and subsequent proteomic analysis. Among the ING PTMs identified to date, a subset has been characterized for their biological significance and have been shown to affect processes including subcellular localization, interaction with enzymatic complexes and ING protein half-life. The present review aims to highlight the emerging role of PTMs in regulating ING function and to suggest additional pathways and functions where PTMs may effect ING function.

KW - Animals

KW - Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly

KW - Epigenesis, Genetic

KW - Homeodomain Proteins

KW - Humans

KW - Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

KW - Models, Biological

KW - Multigene Family

KW - Nuclear Proteins

KW - Protein Processing, Post-Translational

KW - Tumor Suppressor Proteins

U2 - 10.1042/bj20121632

DO - 10.1042/bj20121632

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 23445221

SN - 0264-6021

VL - 450

SP - 433

EP - 442

JO - Biochemical Journal

JF - Biochemical Journal

IS - 3

ER -