Parental smoking during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes in the daughter

TY - JOUR

T1 - Parental smoking during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes in the daughter

AU - Bao, Wei

AU - Michels, Karin B

AU - Tobias, Deirdre K

AU - Li, Shanshan

AU - Chavarro, Jorge E

AU - Gaskins, Audrey J

AU - Vaag, Allan A

AU - Hu, Frank B

AU - Zhang, Cuilin

N1 - Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Epidemiological Association 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.

PY - 2016/2/1

Y1 - 2016/2/1

N2 - BACKGROUND: Fetal exposure to parental smoking may have long-term impact on the development of disease in adulthood. We examined the association of parental smoking during pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the daughter.METHODS: We included 15,665 singleton pregnancies from 10,152 women in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort whose mothers participated in the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort Study. Data on maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and associated covariates were recalled by the mothers. GDM diagnosis was self-reported by the daughters and was validated by medical record review in a previous study. We used log-binomial models with generalized estimating equations to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTS: We observed a positive association between maternal heavy smoking during pregnancy and risk of GDM in the daughter. The multivariable-adjusted RRs (95% CIs) of GDM among women whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy, continued smoking 1-14, 15-24, and ≥ 25 cigarettes/day were 1.00 (reference), 1.05 (0.81-1.35), 1.27 (0.95-1.70) and 1.98 (1.18-3.30), respectively (P for trend = 0.01). Further adjustment for the women's perinatal variables, adult-life characteristics and body mass index during various periods of life modestly attenuated the association. No association was observed between paternal smoking during the pregnancy period and risk of GDM in the daughter.CONCLUSIONS: Maternal heavy smoking (≥ 25 cigarettes/day) during pregnancy was associated with higher risk of gestational diabetes in the daughter. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

AB - BACKGROUND: Fetal exposure to parental smoking may have long-term impact on the development of disease in adulthood. We examined the association of parental smoking during pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in the daughter.METHODS: We included 15,665 singleton pregnancies from 10,152 women in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort whose mothers participated in the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort Study. Data on maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and associated covariates were recalled by the mothers. GDM diagnosis was self-reported by the daughters and was validated by medical record review in a previous study. We used log-binomial models with generalized estimating equations to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).RESULTS: We observed a positive association between maternal heavy smoking during pregnancy and risk of GDM in the daughter. The multivariable-adjusted RRs (95% CIs) of GDM among women whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy, continued smoking 1-14, 15-24, and ≥ 25 cigarettes/day were 1.00 (reference), 1.05 (0.81-1.35), 1.27 (0.95-1.70) and 1.98 (1.18-3.30), respectively (P for trend = 0.01). Further adjustment for the women's perinatal variables, adult-life characteristics and body mass index during various periods of life modestly attenuated the association. No association was observed between paternal smoking during the pregnancy period and risk of GDM in the daughter.CONCLUSIONS: Maternal heavy smoking (≥ 25 cigarettes/day) during pregnancy was associated with higher risk of gestational diabetes in the daughter. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

KW - Adult

KW - Diabetes, Gestational

KW - Female

KW - Humans

KW - Mothers

KW - Multivariate Analysis

KW - Pregnancy

KW - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects

KW - Prospective Studies

KW - Regression Analysis

KW - Risk Factors

KW - Smoking

KW - Surveys and Questionnaires

KW - Young Adult

KW - Journal Article

KW - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

KW - Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural

KW - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

U2 - 10.1093/ije/dyv334

DO - 10.1093/ije/dyv334

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 26748845

SN - 0300-5771

VL - 45

SP - 160

EP - 169

JO - International Journal of Epidemiology

JF - International Journal of Epidemiology

IS - 1

ER -