Education and Cause-specific Mortality: The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors

Helene Nordahl; Theis Lange; Merete Osler; Finn Diderichsen; Ingelise Andersen; Eva Prescott; Anne Tjønneland; Birgitte Lidegaard Frederiksen; Naja Hulvej Rod

doi:10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080

Education and Cause-specific Mortality: The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors

Helene Nordahl, Theis Lange, Merete Osler, Finn Diderichsen, Ingelise Andersen, Eva Prescott, Anne Tjønneland, Birgitte Lidegaard Frederiksen, Naja Hulvej Rod

45 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

Background: Differential exposures to behavioral risk factors have been shown to play an important mediating role on the education-mortality relation. However, little is known about the extent to which educational attainment interacts with health behavior, possibly through differential vulnerability. Methods: In a cohort study of 76,294 participants 30 to 70 years of age, we estimated educational differences in cause-specific mortality from 1980 through 2009 and the mediating role of behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index). With the use of marginal structural models and three-way effect decomposition, we simultaneously regarded the behavioral risk factors as intermediates and clarified the role of their interaction with educational exposure. Results: Rate differences in mortality comparing participants with low to high education were 1,277 (95% confidence interval = 1,062 to 1,492) per 100,000 person-years for men and 746 (598 to 894) per 100,000 person-years for women. Smoking was the strongest mediator for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality when conditioning on sex, age, and cohort. The proportion mediated through smoking was most pronounced in cancer mortality as a combination of the pure indirect effect, owing to differential exposure (men, 42% [25% to 75%]; women, 36% [17% to 74%]) and the mediated interactive effect, owing to differential vulnerability (men, 18% [2% to 35%], women, 26% [8% to 50%]). The mediating effects through body mass index, alcohol intake, or physical activity were partial and varied for the causes of deaths. Conclusion: Differential exposure and vulnerability should be addressed simultaneously, as these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may operate at the same time.

Original language	English
Journal	Epidemiology
Volume	25
Issue number	3
Pages (from-to)	389-396
Number of pages	8
ISSN	1044-3983
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080
Publication status	Published - May 2014

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10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080

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title = "Education and Cause-specific Mortality: The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors",

abstract = "Background: Differential exposures to behavioral risk factors have been shown to play an important mediating role on the education-mortality relation. However, little is known about the extent to which educational attainment interacts with health behavior, possibly through differential vulnerability. Methods: In a cohort study of 76,294 participants 30 to 70 years of age, we estimated educational differences in cause-specific mortality from 1980 through 2009 and the mediating role of behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index). With the use of marginal structural models and three-way effect decomposition, we simultaneously regarded the behavioral risk factors as intermediates and clarified the role of their interaction with educational exposure. Results: Rate differences in mortality comparing participants with low to high education were 1,277 (95% confidence interval = 1,062 to 1,492) per 100,000 person-years for men and 746 (598 to 894) per 100,000 person-years for women. Smoking was the strongest mediator for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality when conditioning on sex, age, and cohort. The proportion mediated through smoking was most pronounced in cancer mortality as a combination of the pure indirect effect, owing to differential exposure (men, 42% [25% to 75%]; women, 36% [17% to 74%]) and the mediated interactive effect, owing to differential vulnerability (men, 18% [2% to 35%], women, 26% [8% to 50%]). The mediating effects through body mass index, alcohol intake, or physical activity were partial and varied for the causes of deaths. Conclusion: Differential exposure and vulnerability should be addressed simultaneously, as these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may operate at the same time.",

author = "Helene Nordahl and Theis Lange and Merete Osler and Finn Diderichsen and Ingelise Andersen and Eva Prescott and Anne Tj{\o}nneland and {Lidegaard Frederiksen}, Birgitte and Rod, {Naja Hulvej}",

year = "2014",

month = may,

doi = "10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080",

language = "English",

volume = "25",

pages = "389--396",

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issn = "1044-3983",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Education and Cause-specific Mortality

T2 - The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors

AU - Nordahl, Helene

AU - Lange, Theis

AU - Osler, Merete

AU - Diderichsen, Finn

AU - Andersen, Ingelise

AU - Prescott, Eva

AU - Tjønneland, Anne

AU - Lidegaard Frederiksen, Birgitte

AU - Rod, Naja Hulvej

PY - 2014/5

Y1 - 2014/5

N2 - Background: Differential exposures to behavioral risk factors have been shown to play an important mediating role on the education-mortality relation. However, little is known about the extent to which educational attainment interacts with health behavior, possibly through differential vulnerability. Methods: In a cohort study of 76,294 participants 30 to 70 years of age, we estimated educational differences in cause-specific mortality from 1980 through 2009 and the mediating role of behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index). With the use of marginal structural models and three-way effect decomposition, we simultaneously regarded the behavioral risk factors as intermediates and clarified the role of their interaction with educational exposure. Results: Rate differences in mortality comparing participants with low to high education were 1,277 (95% confidence interval = 1,062 to 1,492) per 100,000 person-years for men and 746 (598 to 894) per 100,000 person-years for women. Smoking was the strongest mediator for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality when conditioning on sex, age, and cohort. The proportion mediated through smoking was most pronounced in cancer mortality as a combination of the pure indirect effect, owing to differential exposure (men, 42% [25% to 75%]; women, 36% [17% to 74%]) and the mediated interactive effect, owing to differential vulnerability (men, 18% [2% to 35%], women, 26% [8% to 50%]). The mediating effects through body mass index, alcohol intake, or physical activity were partial and varied for the causes of deaths. Conclusion: Differential exposure and vulnerability should be addressed simultaneously, as these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may operate at the same time.

AB - Background: Differential exposures to behavioral risk factors have been shown to play an important mediating role on the education-mortality relation. However, little is known about the extent to which educational attainment interacts with health behavior, possibly through differential vulnerability. Methods: In a cohort study of 76,294 participants 30 to 70 years of age, we estimated educational differences in cause-specific mortality from 1980 through 2009 and the mediating role of behavioral risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, and body mass index). With the use of marginal structural models and three-way effect decomposition, we simultaneously regarded the behavioral risk factors as intermediates and clarified the role of their interaction with educational exposure. Results: Rate differences in mortality comparing participants with low to high education were 1,277 (95% confidence interval = 1,062 to 1,492) per 100,000 person-years for men and 746 (598 to 894) per 100,000 person-years for women. Smoking was the strongest mediator for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality when conditioning on sex, age, and cohort. The proportion mediated through smoking was most pronounced in cancer mortality as a combination of the pure indirect effect, owing to differential exposure (men, 42% [25% to 75%]; women, 36% [17% to 74%]) and the mediated interactive effect, owing to differential vulnerability (men, 18% [2% to 35%], women, 26% [8% to 50%]). The mediating effects through body mass index, alcohol intake, or physical activity were partial and varied for the causes of deaths. Conclusion: Differential exposure and vulnerability should be addressed simultaneously, as these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and may operate at the same time.

U2 - 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080

DO - 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000080

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 24625538

SN - 1044-3983

VL - 25

SP - 389

EP - 396

JO - Epidemiology

JF - Epidemiology

IS - 3

ER -

Education and Cause-specific Mortality: The Mediating Role of Differential Exposure and Vulnerability to Behavioral Risk Factors

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