Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects

Anni Larnkjær; Helga Kristensen Ingstrup; Lene Schack-Nielsen; Camilla Francis Hoppe; Christian Mølgaard; Ib Skovgaard; Anders Juul; Kim F. Michaelsen

doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003

Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects

Anni Larnkjær, Helga Kristensen Ingstrup, Lene Schack-Nielsen, Camilla Francis Hoppe, Christian Mølgaard, Ib Skovgaard, Anders Juul, Kim F. Michaelsen

46 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: IGF-I is a major regulator of growth, influenced primarily by diet in infancy and primarily by GH in childhood. Breastfed infants have lower IGF-I levels compared to formula fed and tend to be shorter. The higher protein content of infant formula has a stimulatory effect on IGF-I production. Conversely, studies suggest that later in childhood, those breastfed are taller and have higher IGF-I levels. Therefore, it has been suggested that the IGF-I axis may be programmed by diet during infancy. The association between IGF-I in infancy and later life is not known. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between IGF-I in infancy and adolescence. DESIGN: Infants (109) from the observational Copenhagen cohort study. METHODS: Serum-IGF-I was measured during infancy (2, 6, and 9 months) and at follow-up at 17 years. Associations were examined by correlation tests and linear regression controlling for gender, breastfeeding, and other covariates. Likelihood ratio test based on residual log likelihood was applied for analysis including all measurements during infancy. RESULTS: There was an inverse association between IGF-I at 9 months and 17 years (r=-0.39, P=0.014, and n=40). A 1 ng/ml higher IGF-I concentration at 9 months corresponded to 0.95 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years. IGF-I levels at 2 and 6 months were not significantly associated with IGF-I at 17 years, but the estimated directions were negative. These associations were not changed when adjusted for breastfeeding and other covariates except IGF-I at 2 months which was significantly negatively associated with IGF-I at 17 years (P=0.030) corresponding to a 0.96 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years per ng/ml IGF-I at 2 months. Inclusion of all measurements during infancy showed a negative association with 17-year values (r=-0.26, P=0.043, and n=109). CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that the IGF-I axis can be programmed early in life.

Original language	English
Journal	Growth Hormone & IGF Research
Volume	19
Issue number	1
Pages (from-to)	82-86
Number of pages	5
ISSN	1096-6374
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003
Publication status	Published - 2009

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Larnkjær, A., Ingstrup, H. K., Schack-Nielsen, L., Hoppe, C. F., Mølgaard, C., Skovgaard, I., Juul, A., & Michaelsen, K. F. (2009). Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 19(1), 82-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003

Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects. / Larnkjær, Anni; Ingstrup, Helga Kristensen; Schack-Nielsen, Lene et al.
In: Growth Hormone & IGF Research, Vol. 19, No. 1, 2009, p. 82-86.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Larnkjær, A, Ingstrup, HK, Schack-Nielsen, L, Hoppe, CF, Mølgaard, C, Skovgaard, I, Juul, A & Michaelsen, KF 2009, 'Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects', Growth Hormone & IGF Research, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 82-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003

@article{986d3550c6bf11dd9473000ea68e967b,

title = "Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: IGF-I is a major regulator of growth, influenced primarily by diet in infancy and primarily by GH in childhood. Breastfed infants have lower IGF-I levels compared to formula fed and tend to be shorter. The higher protein content of infant formula has a stimulatory effect on IGF-I production. Conversely, studies suggest that later in childhood, those breastfed are taller and have higher IGF-I levels. Therefore, it has been suggested that the IGF-I axis may be programmed by diet during infancy. The association between IGF-I in infancy and later life is not known. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between IGF-I in infancy and adolescence. DESIGN: Infants (109) from the observational Copenhagen cohort study. METHODS: Serum-IGF-I was measured during infancy (2, 6, and 9 months) and at follow-up at 17 years. Associations were examined by correlation tests and linear regression controlling for gender, breastfeeding, and other covariates. Likelihood ratio test based on residual log likelihood was applied for analysis including all measurements during infancy. RESULTS: There was an inverse association between IGF-I at 9 months and 17 years (r=-0.39, P=0.014, and n=40). A 1 ng/ml higher IGF-I concentration at 9 months corresponded to 0.95 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years. IGF-I levels at 2 and 6 months were not significantly associated with IGF-I at 17 years, but the estimated directions were negative. These associations were not changed when adjusted for breastfeeding and other covariates except IGF-I at 2 months which was significantly negatively associated with IGF-I at 17 years (P=0.030) corresponding to a 0.96 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years per ng/ml IGF-I at 2 months. Inclusion of all measurements during infancy showed a negative association with 17-year values (r=-0.26, P=0.043, and n=109). CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that the IGF-I axis can be programmed early in life.",

author = "Anni Larnkj{\ae}r and Ingstrup, {Helga Kristensen} and Lene Schack-Nielsen and Hoppe, {Camilla Francis} and Christian M{\o}lgaard and Ib Skovgaard and Anders Juul and Michaelsen, {Kim F.}",

note = "Keywords: Adolescent; Age Factors; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Growth; Humans; Infant; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Longitudinal Studies; Male",

year = "2009",

doi = "10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003",

language = "English",

volume = "19",

pages = "82--86",

journal = "Growth Hormone & IGF Research",

issn = "1096-6374",

publisher = "Churchill Livingstone",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Early programming of the IGF-I axis

T2 - negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects

AU - Larnkjær, Anni

AU - Ingstrup, Helga Kristensen

AU - Schack-Nielsen, Lene

AU - Hoppe, Camilla Francis

AU - Mølgaard, Christian

AU - Skovgaard, Ib

AU - Juul, Anders

AU - Michaelsen, Kim F.

N1 - Keywords: Adolescent; Age Factors; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Growth; Humans; Infant; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Longitudinal Studies; Male

PY - 2009

Y1 - 2009

N2 - BACKGROUND: IGF-I is a major regulator of growth, influenced primarily by diet in infancy and primarily by GH in childhood. Breastfed infants have lower IGF-I levels compared to formula fed and tend to be shorter. The higher protein content of infant formula has a stimulatory effect on IGF-I production. Conversely, studies suggest that later in childhood, those breastfed are taller and have higher IGF-I levels. Therefore, it has been suggested that the IGF-I axis may be programmed by diet during infancy. The association between IGF-I in infancy and later life is not known. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between IGF-I in infancy and adolescence. DESIGN: Infants (109) from the observational Copenhagen cohort study. METHODS: Serum-IGF-I was measured during infancy (2, 6, and 9 months) and at follow-up at 17 years. Associations were examined by correlation tests and linear regression controlling for gender, breastfeeding, and other covariates. Likelihood ratio test based on residual log likelihood was applied for analysis including all measurements during infancy. RESULTS: There was an inverse association between IGF-I at 9 months and 17 years (r=-0.39, P=0.014, and n=40). A 1 ng/ml higher IGF-I concentration at 9 months corresponded to 0.95 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years. IGF-I levels at 2 and 6 months were not significantly associated with IGF-I at 17 years, but the estimated directions were negative. These associations were not changed when adjusted for breastfeeding and other covariates except IGF-I at 2 months which was significantly negatively associated with IGF-I at 17 years (P=0.030) corresponding to a 0.96 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years per ng/ml IGF-I at 2 months. Inclusion of all measurements during infancy showed a negative association with 17-year values (r=-0.26, P=0.043, and n=109). CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that the IGF-I axis can be programmed early in life.

AB - BACKGROUND: IGF-I is a major regulator of growth, influenced primarily by diet in infancy and primarily by GH in childhood. Breastfed infants have lower IGF-I levels compared to formula fed and tend to be shorter. The higher protein content of infant formula has a stimulatory effect on IGF-I production. Conversely, studies suggest that later in childhood, those breastfed are taller and have higher IGF-I levels. Therefore, it has been suggested that the IGF-I axis may be programmed by diet during infancy. The association between IGF-I in infancy and later life is not known. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between IGF-I in infancy and adolescence. DESIGN: Infants (109) from the observational Copenhagen cohort study. METHODS: Serum-IGF-I was measured during infancy (2, 6, and 9 months) and at follow-up at 17 years. Associations were examined by correlation tests and linear regression controlling for gender, breastfeeding, and other covariates. Likelihood ratio test based on residual log likelihood was applied for analysis including all measurements during infancy. RESULTS: There was an inverse association between IGF-I at 9 months and 17 years (r=-0.39, P=0.014, and n=40). A 1 ng/ml higher IGF-I concentration at 9 months corresponded to 0.95 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years. IGF-I levels at 2 and 6 months were not significantly associated with IGF-I at 17 years, but the estimated directions were negative. These associations were not changed when adjusted for breastfeeding and other covariates except IGF-I at 2 months which was significantly negatively associated with IGF-I at 17 years (P=0.030) corresponding to a 0.96 ng/ml lower IGF-I concentration at 17 years per ng/ml IGF-I at 2 months. Inclusion of all measurements during infancy showed a negative association with 17-year values (r=-0.26, P=0.043, and n=109). CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that the IGF-I axis can be programmed early in life.

U2 - 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003

DO - 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.06.003

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 18662893

SN - 1096-6374

VL - 19

SP - 82

EP - 86

JO - Growth Hormone & IGF Research

JF - Growth Hormone & IGF Research

IS - 1

ER -

Early programming of the IGF-I axis: negative association between IGF-I in infancy and late adolescence in a 17-year longitudinal follow-up study of healthy subjects

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