TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial distance and climate determine modularity in a cross-biomes plant–hummingbird interaction network in Brazil
AU - Araujo, Andréa Cardoso
AU - Martín González, Ana M.
AU - Sandel, Brody
AU - Maruyama, Pietro K.
AU - Fischer, Erich
AU - Vizentin-Bugoni, Jeferson
AU - de Araújo, Francielle Paulina
AU - Coelho, Aline Góes
AU - Faria, Rogério Rodrigues
AU - Kohler, Glauco
AU - Las-Casas, Flor Maria Guedes
AU - Lopes, Ariadna Valentina
AU - Machado, Adriana O.
AU - Machado, Caio Graco
AU - Machado, Isabel Cristina
AU - McGuire, Jimmy A.
AU - Moura, Alan Cerqueira
AU - Oliveira, Genilda M.
AU - Oliveira, Paulo Eugênio
AU - Rocca, Márcia Alexandra
AU - Rodrigues, Licléia da Cruz
AU - Rodrigues, Marcos
AU - Rui, Ana Maria
AU - Sazima, Ivan
AU - Sazima, Marlies
AU - Varassin, Isabela Galarda
AU - Wang, Zhiheng
AU - Dalsgaard, Bo
AU - Svenning, Jens Christian
PY - 2018/8/1
Y1 - 2018/8/1
N2 - Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross-biomes plant–hummingbird network. Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region. Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plant–hummingbird networks, combining them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between species’ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components. Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plants’ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among-module connectivity. Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plant–animal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross-biomes network structure.
AB - Aim: We examined the effects of space, climate, phylogeny and species traits on module composition in a cross-biomes plant–hummingbird network. Location: Brazil, except Amazonian region. Methods: We compiled 31 local binary plant–hummingbird networks, combining them into one cross-biomes metanetwork. We conducted a modularity analysis and tested the relationship between species’ module membership with traits, geographical location, climatic conditions and range sizes, employing random forest models. We fitted reduced models containing groups of related variables (climatic, spatial, phylogenetic, traits) and combinations of groups to partition the variance explained by these sets into unique and shared components. Results: The Brazilian cross-biomes network was composed of 479 plant and 42 hummingbird species, and showed significant modularity. The resulting six modules conformed well to vegetation domains. Only plant traits, not hummingbird traits, differed between modules, notably plants’ growth form, corolla length, flower shape and colour. Some modules included plant species with very restricted distributions, whereas others encompassed more widespread ones. Widespread hummingbirds were the most connected, both within and between modules, whereas widespread plants were the most connected between modules. Among traits, only nectar concentration had a weak effect on among-module connectivity. Main conclusions: Climate and spatial filters were the main determinants of module composition for hummingbirds and plants, potentially related to resource seasonality, especially for hummingbirds. Historical dispersal-linked contingency, or environmental variations not accounted for by the explanatory factors here evaluated, could also contribute to the spatial component. Phylogeny and morphological traits had no unique effects on the assignment of species to modules. Widespread species showed higher within- and/or among-module connectivity, indicating their key role connecting biomes, and, in the case of hummingbirds, communities within biomes. Our results indicate that biogeography and climate not only determine the variation of modularity in local plant–animal networks, as previously shown, but also affect the cross-biomes network structure.
KW - biogeography
KW - module composition
KW - ornithophily
KW - phylogeny
KW - pollination
KW - range size
KW - species roles
KW - traits
U2 - 10.1111/jbi.13367
DO - 10.1111/jbi.13367
M3 - Journal article
AN - SCOPUS:85050822371
SN - 0305-0270
VL - 45
SP - 1846
EP - 1858
JO - Journal of Biogeography
JF - Journal of Biogeography
IS - 8
ER -