Abstract
Cyanogenic glucosides are ancient and widespread defence compounds that are used by plants to fend off non-adapted insect herbivores. After insect herbivory and plant tissue damage, cyanogenic glucosides come into contact with compartmentalised plant β-glucosidases, resulting in the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide. Such a binary system of components that are chemically inert when separated is also referred to as two-component plant defence. Since the co-evolution of cyanogenic plants and insect herbivores has continued for several hundred million years, some specialised herbivores have adapted and gained the ability to feed on cyanogenic plants. Moreover, a few specialists are even able to sequester cyanogenic glucosides into specialised tissues, often for use in their own defence. However, insect counter-adaptations to overcome plant cyanogenic glucosides are largely unknown.
This thesis presents evidence that larvae of the sequestering lepidopteran specialist Zygaena filipendulae have evolved diverse behavioural, morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations to keep cyanogenic glucosides from its food plant Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) intact and thus non-toxic during feeding and digestion [1]. These adaptations are a prerequisite to sequester intact cyanogenic glucosides quickly from the gut into the haemolymph and other larval tissues [2]. Finally, cyanogenic glucosides deposited in defence droplets are used in the insect’s own defence either due to the bitter taste of intact cyanogenic glucosides or in combination with stickiness. In the case of severe damage, causing integument rupture, defence droplets release high amounts of hydrogen cyanide, because they mix with exuding haemolymph containing β-glucosidases. Moreover, the generalist lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis was shown to have similar adaptations to overcome cyanogenic glucosides as reported from Z. filipendulae. Thus, lepidopterans as well as some herbivorous species from other insect orders, including generalists and specialists, seem relatively well-adapted to cyanogenic glucosides and various other classes of two-component plant chemical defence [3].
The results obtained in this thesis provide unique insights into the co-evolution and adaptation of insect herbivores to cyanogenic plants. It raises several research questions regarding herbivory of cyanogenic plants that need to be examined in more detail, and offer observations which could be extrapolated to other two-component plant-insect defence systems.
This thesis presents evidence that larvae of the sequestering lepidopteran specialist Zygaena filipendulae have evolved diverse behavioural, morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations to keep cyanogenic glucosides from its food plant Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae) intact and thus non-toxic during feeding and digestion [1]. These adaptations are a prerequisite to sequester intact cyanogenic glucosides quickly from the gut into the haemolymph and other larval tissues [2]. Finally, cyanogenic glucosides deposited in defence droplets are used in the insect’s own defence either due to the bitter taste of intact cyanogenic glucosides or in combination with stickiness. In the case of severe damage, causing integument rupture, defence droplets release high amounts of hydrogen cyanide, because they mix with exuding haemolymph containing β-glucosidases. Moreover, the generalist lepidopteran Spodoptera littoralis was shown to have similar adaptations to overcome cyanogenic glucosides as reported from Z. filipendulae. Thus, lepidopterans as well as some herbivorous species from other insect orders, including generalists and specialists, seem relatively well-adapted to cyanogenic glucosides and various other classes of two-component plant chemical defence [3].
The results obtained in this thesis provide unique insights into the co-evolution and adaptation of insect herbivores to cyanogenic plants. It raises several research questions regarding herbivory of cyanogenic plants that need to be examined in more detail, and offer observations which could be extrapolated to other two-component plant-insect defence systems.
| Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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| Forlag | Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen |
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| Status | Udgivet - 2014 |