TY - JOUR
T1 - Expanding the Hammett Correlations for the Vinylheptafulvene Ring-Closure Reaction
AU - Kilde, Martin Drøhse
AU - Hansen, Mia Harring
AU - Broman, Søren Lindbæk
AU - Mikkelsen, Kurt Valentin
AU - Nielsen, Mogens Brøndsted
PY - 2017/2/10
Y1 - 2017/2/10
N2 - A selection of 2,3-diarylated photochromic dihydroazulenes (DHAs) was prepared by following two different protocols. The first protocol relies on the synthesis of a 3-bromo-substituted dihydroazulene, which is subjected to a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in the final step. In the second protocol, the two aryl substituents are introduced early in the synthesis. The DHAs are photoactive and undergo light-induced ring-opening reactions to form vinylheptafulvene (VHF) isomers. These VHFs are quickly converted back to DHAs at room temperature in thermal ring-closure reactions. The kinetics of these reactions was studied at –20 °C for two series for which the substituent at the C-2 position (DHA numbering) was kept constant, and a linear free-energy relationship (Hammett correlation) was revealed in both cases. The relationships show that an electron-donating substituent at C-3 (the exocyclic VHF carbon atom) enhances the ring-closure reaction, in contrast to its influence when placed at C-2. In a computational study (density functional theory), three different methods were benchmarked against the experimental results. Overall, this work shows for the first time how the VHF to DHA switch is influenced by donor–acceptor substitution at the exocyclic heptafulvene carbon atom
AB - A selection of 2,3-diarylated photochromic dihydroazulenes (DHAs) was prepared by following two different protocols. The first protocol relies on the synthesis of a 3-bromo-substituted dihydroazulene, which is subjected to a Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in the final step. In the second protocol, the two aryl substituents are introduced early in the synthesis. The DHAs are photoactive and undergo light-induced ring-opening reactions to form vinylheptafulvene (VHF) isomers. These VHFs are quickly converted back to DHAs at room temperature in thermal ring-closure reactions. The kinetics of these reactions was studied at –20 °C for two series for which the substituent at the C-2 position (DHA numbering) was kept constant, and a linear free-energy relationship (Hammett correlation) was revealed in both cases. The relationships show that an electron-donating substituent at C-3 (the exocyclic VHF carbon atom) enhances the ring-closure reaction, in contrast to its influence when placed at C-2. In a computational study (density functional theory), three different methods were benchmarked against the experimental results. Overall, this work shows for the first time how the VHF to DHA switch is influenced by donor–acceptor substitution at the exocyclic heptafulvene carbon atom
KW - Cyclization
KW - Donor-acceptor systems
KW - Fused-ring systems
KW - Kinetics
KW - Photochromism
U2 - 10.1002/ejoc.201601435
DO - 10.1002/ejoc.201601435
M3 - Journal article
SN - 1434-193X
SP - 1052
EP - 1062
JO - European Journal of Organic Chemistry
JF - European Journal of Organic Chemistry
IS - 6
ER -