CO₂ dynamics along Danish lowland streams: water-air gradients, piston velocities and evasion rates

TY - JOUR

T1 - CO2 dynamics along Danish lowland streams

T2 - water-air gradients, piston velocities and evasion rates

AU - Jensen, Kaj Sand

AU - Stæhr, Peter Anton

PY - 2012/11

Y1 - 2012/11

N2 - We measured CO2 concentration and determined evasion rate and piston velocity across the water–air interface in flow-through chambers at eight stations along two 20 km long streams in agricultural landscapes in Zealand, Denmark. Both streams were 9–18-fold supersaturated in CO2 with daily means of 240 and 340 μM in January–March and 130 and 180 μM in June–August. Annual CO2 medians were 212 μM in six other streams and 460 μM in four groundwater wells, while seven lakes were weakly supersaturated (29 μM). Air concentrations immediately above stream surfaces were close to mean atmospheric conditions except during calm summer nights. Piston velocity from 0.4 to 21.6 cm h−1 was closely related to current velocity permitting calculation of evasion rates for entire streams. CO2 evasion rates were highest in midstream reaches (170–1,200 mmol m−2 day−1) where CO2-rich soil water entered fast stream flow, while rates were tenfold lower (25–100 mmol m−2 day−1) in slow-flowing lower reaches. CO2 evasion mainly derived from the input of CO2 in soil water. The variability of CO2 evasion along the two lowland streams covered much of the range in sub-Arctic and temperate streams reported previously. In budgets for the two stream catchments, loss of carbon from soils via the hydrological cycle was substantial (3.2–5.7 mmol m−2 day−1) and dominated by CO2 consumed to form HCO3 − by mineral dissolution (69–76%) and export of organic carbon (15–23%) relative to dissolved CO2 export (7–9%).

AB - We measured CO2 concentration and determined evasion rate and piston velocity across the water–air interface in flow-through chambers at eight stations along two 20 km long streams in agricultural landscapes in Zealand, Denmark. Both streams were 9–18-fold supersaturated in CO2 with daily means of 240 and 340 μM in January–March and 130 and 180 μM in June–August. Annual CO2 medians were 212 μM in six other streams and 460 μM in four groundwater wells, while seven lakes were weakly supersaturated (29 μM). Air concentrations immediately above stream surfaces were close to mean atmospheric conditions except during calm summer nights. Piston velocity from 0.4 to 21.6 cm h−1 was closely related to current velocity permitting calculation of evasion rates for entire streams. CO2 evasion rates were highest in midstream reaches (170–1,200 mmol m−2 day−1) where CO2-rich soil water entered fast stream flow, while rates were tenfold lower (25–100 mmol m−2 day−1) in slow-flowing lower reaches. CO2 evasion mainly derived from the input of CO2 in soil water. The variability of CO2 evasion along the two lowland streams covered much of the range in sub-Arctic and temperate streams reported previously. In budgets for the two stream catchments, loss of carbon from soils via the hydrological cycle was substantial (3.2–5.7 mmol m−2 day−1) and dominated by CO2 consumed to form HCO3 − by mineral dissolution (69–76%) and export of organic carbon (15–23%) relative to dissolved CO2 export (7–9%).

KW - Lowland streams

KW - CO2 concentrations

KW - CO2 release to atmosphere

KW - Piston velocity

U2 - 10.1007/s10533-011-9696-6

DO - 10.1007/s10533-011-9696-6

M3 - Journal article

SN - 0168-2563

VL - 111

SP - 615

EP - 628

JO - Biogeochemistry

JF - Biogeochemistry

IS - 1-3

ER -