TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Birth Weight With Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Children Aged 11 or 12 Years
T2 - The Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study
AU - Ashina, Håkan
AU - Li, Xiao Qiang
AU - Olsen, Else Marie
AU - Skovgaard, Anne Mette
AU - Larsen, Michael
AU - Munch, Inger Christine
PY - 2017/4/1
Y1 - 2017/4/1
N2 - IMPORTANCE: Both maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight have been implicated in impaired development of the retina. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in preadolescent children. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: The Copenhagen Child Cohort2000 Eye Studyisa prospective, population-based, birth cohort study that included all children (n = 6090) born in 2000 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Maternal smoking data were collected through parental interviews. Birth weight, pregnancy, and medical history data were obtained from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. As a follow-up, the study performed eye examinations on 1406 of these children from May 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, when the children were aged 11 or 12 years. The participants were predominantly (1296 [92.4%]) of European descent. Study data were analyzed from June 1, 2016, to October 1, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Peripapillary RNFL thickness measured using optical coherence tomography at the 11-or 12-year examination. RESULTS: Of the 1406 children in the study, 1323 were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age was 11.7 [0.4] years; 633 [47.8%] were boys and 690 [52.2%] were girls). The mean (SD) RNFL thickness was 104 (9.6) μm. In 227 children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy, the peripapillary RNFL was 5.7 μm (95% CI, 4.3-7.1 μm; P < .001) thinner than in children whose mothers had not smoked after correction for age, sex, birth weight, height, body weight, Tanner stage of pubertal development, axial length, and spherical equivalent refractive error. In low-birth-weight children (<2500 g), the RNFL was 3.5 μm (95% CI, 0.6-6.3 μm; P = .02) thinner than in normal-birth-weight children after adjustment for all variables. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Exposure to maternal smoking during uterine life and low birth weight were independently associated with having a thinner RNFL at age 11 or 12 years. These observations support previous findings that intrauterine and perinatal factors can have long-lasting effects on the retina and the optic nerve. The results of this study add evidence to existing recommendations toavoid smoking during pregnancyand support measures that promote maternal and fetal health.
AB - IMPORTANCE: Both maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight have been implicated in impaired development of the retina. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in preadolescent children. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: The Copenhagen Child Cohort2000 Eye Studyisa prospective, population-based, birth cohort study that included all children (n = 6090) born in 2000 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Maternal smoking data were collected through parental interviews. Birth weight, pregnancy, and medical history data were obtained from the Danish Medical Birth Registry. As a follow-up, the study performed eye examinations on 1406 of these children from May 1, 2011, to October 31, 2012, when the children were aged 11 or 12 years. The participants were predominantly (1296 [92.4%]) of European descent. Study data were analyzed from June 1, 2016, to October 1, 2016. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Peripapillary RNFL thickness measured using optical coherence tomography at the 11-or 12-year examination. RESULTS: Of the 1406 children in the study, 1323 were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age was 11.7 [0.4] years; 633 [47.8%] were boys and 690 [52.2%] were girls). The mean (SD) RNFL thickness was 104 (9.6) μm. In 227 children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy, the peripapillary RNFL was 5.7 μm (95% CI, 4.3-7.1 μm; P < .001) thinner than in children whose mothers had not smoked after correction for age, sex, birth weight, height, body weight, Tanner stage of pubertal development, axial length, and spherical equivalent refractive error. In low-birth-weight children (<2500 g), the RNFL was 3.5 μm (95% CI, 0.6-6.3 μm; P = .02) thinner than in normal-birth-weight children after adjustment for all variables. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Exposure to maternal smoking during uterine life and low birth weight were independently associated with having a thinner RNFL at age 11 or 12 years. These observations support previous findings that intrauterine and perinatal factors can have long-lasting effects on the retina and the optic nerve. The results of this study add evidence to existing recommendations toavoid smoking during pregnancyand support measures that promote maternal and fetal health.
KW - Birth Weight
KW - Child
KW - Denmark
KW - Female
KW - Humans
KW - Infant, Low Birth Weight
KW - Male
KW - Maternal Behavior
KW - Nerve Fibers
KW - Optic Disk
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
KW - Prospective Studies
KW - Retinal Diseases
KW - Retinal Ganglion Cells
KW - Risk Factors
KW - Smoking
KW - Tomography, Optical Coherence
KW - Visual Acuity
KW - Journal Article
U2 - 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0043
DO - 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.0043
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 28253396
SN - 2168-6165
VL - 135
SP - 331
EP - 337
JO - JAMA Ophthalmology
JF - JAMA Ophthalmology
IS - 4
ER -