An experimental investigation of the normality of irrational algebraic numbers

TY - JOUR

T1 - An experimental investigation of the normality of irrational algebraic numbers

AU - Nielsen, Johan Sejr Brinch

AU - Simonsen, Jakob Grue

PY - 2013

Y1 - 2013

N2 - We investigate the distribution of digits of large prefixes of the expansion of irrational algebraic numbers to different bases. We compute 2.318 bits of the binary expansions (corresponding to 2.33.108 decimals) of the 39 least Pisot-Vijayaraghavan numbers, the 47 least known Salem numbers, the least 20 square roots of positive integers that are not perfect squares, and 15 randomly generated algebraic irrationals. We employ these to compute the generalized serial statistics (roughly, the variant of the x2-statistic apt for distribution of sequences of characters) of the distributions of digit blocks for each number to bases 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10, as well as the maximum relative frequency deviation from perfect equidistribution. We use the two statistics to perform tests at significance level a = 0.05, respectively, maximum deviation threshold α = 0.05. Our results suggest that if Borel's conjecture-that all irrational algebraic numbers are normal-is true, then it may have an empirical base: The distribution of digits in algebraic numbers appears close to equidistribution for large prefixes of their expansion. Of the 121 algebraic numbers studied, all numbers passed the maximum relative frequency deviation test in all considered bases for digit block sizes 1, 2, 3, and 4; furthermore, 92 numbers passed all tests up to block size 4 in all bases considered.

AB - We investigate the distribution of digits of large prefixes of the expansion of irrational algebraic numbers to different bases. We compute 2.318 bits of the binary expansions (corresponding to 2.33.108 decimals) of the 39 least Pisot-Vijayaraghavan numbers, the 47 least known Salem numbers, the least 20 square roots of positive integers that are not perfect squares, and 15 randomly generated algebraic irrationals. We employ these to compute the generalized serial statistics (roughly, the variant of the x2-statistic apt for distribution of sequences of characters) of the distributions of digit blocks for each number to bases 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10, as well as the maximum relative frequency deviation from perfect equidistribution. We use the two statistics to perform tests at significance level a = 0.05, respectively, maximum deviation threshold α = 0.05. Our results suggest that if Borel's conjecture-that all irrational algebraic numbers are normal-is true, then it may have an empirical base: The distribution of digits in algebraic numbers appears close to equidistribution for large prefixes of their expansion. Of the 121 algebraic numbers studied, all numbers passed the maximum relative frequency deviation test in all considered bases for digit block sizes 1, 2, 3, and 4; furthermore, 92 numbers passed all tests up to block size 4 in all bases considered.

U2 - 10.1090/s0025-5718-2013-02675-0

DO - 10.1090/s0025-5718-2013-02675-0

M3 - Journal article

SN - 0025-5718

VL - 82

SP - 1837

EP - 1858

JO - Mathematics of Computation

JF - Mathematics of Computation

ER -