Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention recommendations and risk of in situ breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort

Nena Karavasiloglou, Anika Huesing, Giovanna Masala, Carla H. van Gils, Renee Turzanski Fortner, Jenny Chang-Claude, Inge Huybrechts, Elisabete Weiderpass, Marc Gunter, Patrick Arveux, Agnes Fournier, Marina Kvaskoff, Anne Tjonneland, Cecilie Kyro, Christina C. Dahm, Helene Tilma Vistisen, Marije F. Bakker, Maria-Jose Sanchez, Maria Dolores Chirlaque Lopez, Carmen SantiusteEva Ardanaz, Virginia Menendez, Antonio Agudo, Antonia Trichopoulou, Anna Karakatsani, Carlo La Vecchia, Eleni Peppa, Domenico Palli, Claudia Agnoli, Salvatore Panico, Rosario Tumino, Carlotta Sacerdote, Salma Tuna Butt, Signe Borgquist, Guri Skeie, Matthias Schulze, Timothy Key, Kay-Tee Khaw, Kostantinos K. Tsilidis, Merete Ellingjord-Dale, Elio Riboli, Rudolf Kaaks, Laure Dossus, Sabine Rohrmann, Tilman Kuehn

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Abstract

Background: Even though in situ breast cancer (BCIS) accounts for a large proportion of the breast cancers diagnosed, few studies have investigated potential risk factors for BCIS. Their results suggest that some established risk factors for invasive breast cancer have a similar impact on BCIS risk, but large population-based studies on lifestyle factors and BCIS risk are lacking. Thus, we investigated the association between lifestyle and BCIS risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Methods: Lifestyle was operationalized by a score reflecting the adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) cancer prevention recommendations. The recommendations utilized in these analyses were the ones pertinent to healthy body weight, physical activity, consumption of plant-based foods, energy-dense foods, red and processed meat, and sugary drinks and alcohol, as well as the recommendation on breastfeeding. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between lifestyle score and BCIS risk. The results were presented as hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: After an overall median follow-up time of 14.9 years, 1277 BCIS cases were diagnosed. Greater adherence to the WCRF/AICR cancer prevention recommendations was not associated with BCIS risk (HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.93-1.03; per one unit of increase; multivariable model). An inverse association between the lifestyle score and BCIS risk was observed in study centers, where participants were recruited mainly via mammographic screening and attended additional screening throughout follow-up (HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.73-0.99), but not in the remaining ones (HR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.94-1.05). Conclusions: While we did not observe an overall association between lifestyle and BCIS risk, our results indicate that lifestyle is associated with BCIS risk among women recruited via screening programs and with regular screening participation. This suggests that a true inverse association between lifestyle habits and BCIS risk in the overall cohort may have been masked by a lack of information on screening attendance. The potential inverse association between lifestyle and BCIS risk in our analyses is consistent with the inverse associations between lifestyle scores and breast cancer risk reported from previous studies.

OriginalsprogEngelsk
Artikelnummer221
TidsskriftBMC Medicine
Vol/bind17
Udgave nummer1
Antal sider11
ISSN1741-7015
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2 dec. 2019

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