TY - JOUR
T1 - Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in immunocompromised patients
T2 - the Efraim multinational prospective cohort study
AU - Azoulay, Elie
AU - Pickkers, Peter
AU - Soares, Marcio
AU - Perner, Anders
AU - Rello, Jordi
AU - Bauer, Philippe R
AU - van de Louw, Andry
AU - Hemelaar, Pleun
AU - Lemiale, Virginie
AU - Taccone, Fabio Silvio
AU - Martin Loeches, Ignacio
AU - Meyhoff, Tine Sylvest
AU - Salluh, Jorge
AU - Schellongowski, Peter
AU - Rusinova, Katerina
AU - Terzi, Nicolas
AU - Mehta, Sangeeta
AU - Antonelli, Massimo
AU - Kouatchet, Achille
AU - Barratt-Due, Andreas
AU - Valkonen, Miia
AU - Landburg, Precious Pearl
AU - Bruneel, Fabrice
AU - Bukan, Ramin Brandt
AU - Pène, Frédéric
AU - Metaxa, Victoria
AU - Moreau, Anne Sophie
AU - Souppart, Virginie
AU - Burghi, Gaston
AU - Girault, Christophe
AU - Silva, Ulysses V A
AU - Montini, Luca
AU - Barbier, François
AU - Nielsen, Lene B
AU - Gaborit, Benjamin
AU - Mokart, Djamel
AU - Chevret, Sylvie
AU - Efraim investigators and the Nine-I study group
PY - 2017/12/1
Y1 - 2017/12/1
N2 - Background: In immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF), initial management aims primarily to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods: To assess the impact of initial management on IMV and mortality rates, we performed a multinational observational prospective cohort study in 16 countries (68 centers). Results: A total of 1611 patients were enrolled (hematological malignancies 51.9%, solid tumors 35.2%, systemic diseases 17.3%, and solid organ transplantation 8.8%). The main ARF etiologies were bacterial (29.5%), viral (15.4%), and fungal infections (14.7%), or undetermined (13.2%). On admission, 915 (56.8%) patients were not intubated. They received standard oxygen (N = 496, 53.9%), high-flow oxygen (HFNC, N = 187, 20.3%), noninvasive ventilation (NIV, N = 153, 17.2%), and NIV + HFNC (N = 79, 8.6%). Factors associated with IMV included age (hazard ratio = 0.92/year, 95% CI 0.86–0.99), day-1 SOFA (1.09/point, 1.06–1.13), day-1 PaO2/FiO2 (1.47, 1.05–2.07), ARF etiology (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (2.11, 1.42–3.14), invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (1.85, 1.21–2.85), and undetermined cause (1.46, 1.09–1.98). After propensity score matching, HFNC, but not NIV, had an effect on IMV rate (HR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.59–1.00, p = 0.05). ICU, hospital, and day-90 mortality rates were 32.4, 44.1, and 56.4%, respectively. Factors independently associated with hospital mortality included age (odds ratio = 1.18/year, 1.09–1.27), direct admission to the ICU (0.69, 0.54–0.87), day-1 SOFA excluding respiratory score (1.12/point, 1.08–1.16), PaO2/FiO2 < 100 (1.60, 1.03–2.48), and undetermined ARF etiology (1.43, 1.04–1.97). Initial oxygenation strategy did not affect mortality; however, IMV was associated with mortality, the odds ratio depending on IMV conditions: NIV + HFNC failure (2.31, 1.09–4.91), first-line IMV (2.55, 1.94–3.29), NIV failure (3.65, 2.05–6.53), standard oxygen failure (4.16, 2.91–5.93), and HFNC failure (5.54, 3.27–9.38). Conclusion: HFNC has an effect on intubation but not on mortality rates. Failure to identify ARF etiology is associated with higher rates of both intubation and mortality. This suggests that in addition to selecting the appropriate oxygenation device, clinicians should strive to identify the etiology of ARF.
AB - Background: In immunocompromised patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF), initial management aims primarily to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Methods: To assess the impact of initial management on IMV and mortality rates, we performed a multinational observational prospective cohort study in 16 countries (68 centers). Results: A total of 1611 patients were enrolled (hematological malignancies 51.9%, solid tumors 35.2%, systemic diseases 17.3%, and solid organ transplantation 8.8%). The main ARF etiologies were bacterial (29.5%), viral (15.4%), and fungal infections (14.7%), or undetermined (13.2%). On admission, 915 (56.8%) patients were not intubated. They received standard oxygen (N = 496, 53.9%), high-flow oxygen (HFNC, N = 187, 20.3%), noninvasive ventilation (NIV, N = 153, 17.2%), and NIV + HFNC (N = 79, 8.6%). Factors associated with IMV included age (hazard ratio = 0.92/year, 95% CI 0.86–0.99), day-1 SOFA (1.09/point, 1.06–1.13), day-1 PaO2/FiO2 (1.47, 1.05–2.07), ARF etiology (Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (2.11, 1.42–3.14), invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (1.85, 1.21–2.85), and undetermined cause (1.46, 1.09–1.98). After propensity score matching, HFNC, but not NIV, had an effect on IMV rate (HR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.59–1.00, p = 0.05). ICU, hospital, and day-90 mortality rates were 32.4, 44.1, and 56.4%, respectively. Factors independently associated with hospital mortality included age (odds ratio = 1.18/year, 1.09–1.27), direct admission to the ICU (0.69, 0.54–0.87), day-1 SOFA excluding respiratory score (1.12/point, 1.08–1.16), PaO2/FiO2 < 100 (1.60, 1.03–2.48), and undetermined ARF etiology (1.43, 1.04–1.97). Initial oxygenation strategy did not affect mortality; however, IMV was associated with mortality, the odds ratio depending on IMV conditions: NIV + HFNC failure (2.31, 1.09–4.91), first-line IMV (2.55, 1.94–3.29), NIV failure (3.65, 2.05–6.53), standard oxygen failure (4.16, 2.91–5.93), and HFNC failure (5.54, 3.27–9.38). Conclusion: HFNC has an effect on intubation but not on mortality rates. Failure to identify ARF etiology is associated with higher rates of both intubation and mortality. This suggests that in addition to selecting the appropriate oxygenation device, clinicians should strive to identify the etiology of ARF.
KW - Journal Article
U2 - 10.1007/s00134-017-4947-1
DO - 10.1007/s00134-017-4947-1
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 28948369
SN - 0935-1701
VL - 43
SP - 1808
EP - 1819
JO - European Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
JF - European Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
IS - 12
ER -