Pharmacogenomics oblivious and realised treatment

A) Pharmacogenomics (PGx) oblivious treatment with fractions of the population experiencing adverse reactions or non-efficacious outcomes. It has been estimated that on average only 50-75% of all treatments have intended drug response outcomes depending on the indication, disease domain, and the specific drug (Lauschke & Ingelman-Sundberg, 2019). B) Whereas the estimated majority of altered drug responses (~70-80%) can be attributed to differences in individual characteristics (age, gender), pathological conditions, polypharmacy, environmental exposure and lifestyle factors (smoking, sleep, etc.), genetic factors may contribute by up to 30% of adverse reactions or treatment-resistant responses (Lauschke et al., 2018; Sim & Ingelman-Sundberg, 2011). PGx-implemented treatment may provide genotype-guided recommendations of an alternative drug or dose, resulting in a higher fraction of effective treatment response with fewer adverse reactions. Genetic variability in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) genes (altered pharmacokinetics) and genetic variation in drug targets (altered pharmacodynamics) can all affect treatment outcomes (Lauschke & Ingelman-Sundberg, 2019). ____ Lauschke, V. M., & Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2019). Prediction of drug response and adverse drug reactions: From twin studies to Next Generation Sequencing. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.024 Lauschke, V. M., Milani, L., & Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2018). Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers for Improved Drug Therapy—Recent Progress and Future Developments. In AAPS Journal. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-017-0161-x Sim, S. C., & Ingelman-Sundberg, M. (2011). Pharmacogenomic biomarkers: New tools in current and future drug therapy. In Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.008