Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects

Jerry R Greenfield; I Sadaf Farooqi; Julia M Keogh; Elana Henning; Abdella M Habib; Anthea Blackwood; Frank Reimann; Jens J Holst; Fiona M Gribble

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362

Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects

Jerry R Greenfield, I Sadaf Farooqi, Julia M Keogh, Elana Henning, Abdella M Habib, Anthea Blackwood, Frank Reimann, Jens J Holst, Fiona M Gribble

Endocrinology and Metabolism

163 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), play an important role in meal-related insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that glutamine is a potent stimulus of GLP-1 secretion in vitro. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether glutamine increases circulating GLP-1 and GIP concentrations in vivo and, if so, whether this is associated with an increase in plasma insulin. DESIGN: We recruited 8 healthy normal-weight volunteers (LEAN), 8 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (OB-DIAB) and 8 obese nondiabetic control subjects (OB-CON). Oral glucose (75 g), glutamine (30 g), and water were administered on 3 separate days in random order, and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, insulin, glucagon, and glucose were measured over 120 min. RESULTS: Oral glucose led to increases in circulating GLP-1 concentrations, which peaked at 30 min in LEAN (31.9 +/- 5.7 pmol/L) and OB-CON (24.3 +/- 2.1 pmol/L) subjects and at 45 min in OB-DIAB subjects (19.5 +/- 1.8 pmol/L). Circulating GLP-1 concentrations increased in all study groups after glutamine ingestion, with peak concentrations at 30 min of 22.5 +/- 3.4, 17.9 +/- 1.1, and 17.3 +/- 3.4 pmol/L in LEAN, OB-CON, and OB-DIAB subjects, respectively. Glutamine also increased plasma GIP concentrations but less effectively than glucose. Consistent with the increases in GLP-1 and GIP, glutamine significantly increased circulating plasma insulin concentrations. Glutamine stimulated glucagon secretion in all 3 study groups. CONCLUSION: Glutamine effectively increases circulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin concentrations in vivo and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to stimulating insulin secretion in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Original language	English
Journal	American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume	89
Issue number	1
Pages (from-to)	106-13
Number of pages	7
ISSN	0002-9165
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362
Publication status	Published - 2008

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Greenfield, J. R., Farooqi, I. S., Keogh, J. M., Henning, E., Habib, A. M., Blackwood, A., Reimann, F., Holst, J. J., & Gribble, F. M. (2008). Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(1), 106-13. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362

Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. / Greenfield, Jerry R; Farooqi, I Sadaf; Keogh, Julia M et al.

In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 89, No. 1, 2008, p. 106-13.

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Greenfield, JR, Farooqi, IS, Keogh, JM, Henning, E, Habib, AM, Blackwood, A, Reimann, F, Holst, JJ & Gribble, FM 2008, 'Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 106-13. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362

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title = "Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects",

abstract = "BACKGROUND: Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), play an important role in meal-related insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that glutamine is a potent stimulus of GLP-1 secretion in vitro. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether glutamine increases circulating GLP-1 and GIP concentrations in vivo and, if so, whether this is associated with an increase in plasma insulin. DESIGN: We recruited 8 healthy normal-weight volunteers (LEAN), 8 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (OB-DIAB) and 8 obese nondiabetic control subjects (OB-CON). Oral glucose (75 g), glutamine (30 g), and water were administered on 3 separate days in random order, and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, insulin, glucagon, and glucose were measured over 120 min. RESULTS: Oral glucose led to increases in circulating GLP-1 concentrations, which peaked at 30 min in LEAN (31.9 +/- 5.7 pmol/L) and OB-CON (24.3 +/- 2.1 pmol/L) subjects and at 45 min in OB-DIAB subjects (19.5 +/- 1.8 pmol/L). Circulating GLP-1 concentrations increased in all study groups after glutamine ingestion, with peak concentrations at 30 min of 22.5 +/- 3.4, 17.9 +/- 1.1, and 17.3 +/- 3.4 pmol/L in LEAN, OB-CON, and OB-DIAB subjects, respectively. Glutamine also increased plasma GIP concentrations but less effectively than glucose. Consistent with the increases in GLP-1 and GIP, glutamine significantly increased circulating plasma insulin concentrations. Glutamine stimulated glucagon secretion in all 3 study groups. CONCLUSION: Glutamine effectively increases circulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin concentrations in vivo and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to stimulating insulin secretion in obesity and type 2 diabetes.",

author = "Greenfield, {Jerry R} and Farooqi, {I Sadaf} and Keogh, {Julia M} and Elana Henning and Habib, {Abdella M} and Anthea Blackwood and Frank Reimann and Holst, {Jens J} and Gribble, {Fiona M}",

note = "Keywords: Administration, Oral; Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glutamine; Humans; Insulin; Male; Obesity; Thinness",

year = "2008",

doi = "10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362",

language = "English",

volume = "89",

pages = "106--13",

journal = "American Journal of Clinical Nutrition",

issn = "0002-9165",

publisher = "American Society for Nutrition",

number = "1",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects

AU - Greenfield, Jerry R

AU - Farooqi, I Sadaf

AU - Keogh, Julia M

AU - Henning, Elana

AU - Habib, Abdella M

AU - Blackwood, Anthea

AU - Reimann, Frank

AU - Holst, Jens J

AU - Gribble, Fiona M

N1 - Keywords: Administration, Oral; Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glutamine; Humans; Insulin; Male; Obesity; Thinness

PY - 2008

Y1 - 2008

N2 - BACKGROUND: Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), play an important role in meal-related insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that glutamine is a potent stimulus of GLP-1 secretion in vitro. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether glutamine increases circulating GLP-1 and GIP concentrations in vivo and, if so, whether this is associated with an increase in plasma insulin. DESIGN: We recruited 8 healthy normal-weight volunteers (LEAN), 8 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (OB-DIAB) and 8 obese nondiabetic control subjects (OB-CON). Oral glucose (75 g), glutamine (30 g), and water were administered on 3 separate days in random order, and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, insulin, glucagon, and glucose were measured over 120 min. RESULTS: Oral glucose led to increases in circulating GLP-1 concentrations, which peaked at 30 min in LEAN (31.9 +/- 5.7 pmol/L) and OB-CON (24.3 +/- 2.1 pmol/L) subjects and at 45 min in OB-DIAB subjects (19.5 +/- 1.8 pmol/L). Circulating GLP-1 concentrations increased in all study groups after glutamine ingestion, with peak concentrations at 30 min of 22.5 +/- 3.4, 17.9 +/- 1.1, and 17.3 +/- 3.4 pmol/L in LEAN, OB-CON, and OB-DIAB subjects, respectively. Glutamine also increased plasma GIP concentrations but less effectively than glucose. Consistent with the increases in GLP-1 and GIP, glutamine significantly increased circulating plasma insulin concentrations. Glutamine stimulated glucagon secretion in all 3 study groups. CONCLUSION: Glutamine effectively increases circulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin concentrations in vivo and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to stimulating insulin secretion in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

AB - BACKGROUND: Incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), play an important role in meal-related insulin secretion. We previously demonstrated that glutamine is a potent stimulus of GLP-1 secretion in vitro. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine whether glutamine increases circulating GLP-1 and GIP concentrations in vivo and, if so, whether this is associated with an increase in plasma insulin. DESIGN: We recruited 8 healthy normal-weight volunteers (LEAN), 8 obese individuals with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (OB-DIAB) and 8 obese nondiabetic control subjects (OB-CON). Oral glucose (75 g), glutamine (30 g), and water were administered on 3 separate days in random order, and plasma concentrations of GLP-1, GIP, insulin, glucagon, and glucose were measured over 120 min. RESULTS: Oral glucose led to increases in circulating GLP-1 concentrations, which peaked at 30 min in LEAN (31.9 +/- 5.7 pmol/L) and OB-CON (24.3 +/- 2.1 pmol/L) subjects and at 45 min in OB-DIAB subjects (19.5 +/- 1.8 pmol/L). Circulating GLP-1 concentrations increased in all study groups after glutamine ingestion, with peak concentrations at 30 min of 22.5 +/- 3.4, 17.9 +/- 1.1, and 17.3 +/- 3.4 pmol/L in LEAN, OB-CON, and OB-DIAB subjects, respectively. Glutamine also increased plasma GIP concentrations but less effectively than glucose. Consistent with the increases in GLP-1 and GIP, glutamine significantly increased circulating plasma insulin concentrations. Glutamine stimulated glucagon secretion in all 3 study groups. CONCLUSION: Glutamine effectively increases circulating GLP-1, GIP, and insulin concentrations in vivo and may represent a novel therapeutic approach to stimulating insulin secretion in obesity and type 2 diabetes.

U2 - 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362

DO - 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26362

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 19056578

SN - 0002-9165

VL - 89

SP - 106

EP - 113

JO - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

JF - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

IS - 1

ER -

Oral glutamine increases circulating glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon, and insulin concentrations in lean, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects

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